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Analiza efektywności ekonomicznej różnych wariantów budowy elektrowni jądrowej w Polsce

Terlikowski Paweł, Sztukiewicz Kamil

Energetyka

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2019

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nr 6

391--396

PL

Celem opisanych w artykule badań jest ocena opłacalności ekonomicznej inwestycji w budowę elektrowni jądrowej w Polsce wraz z analizą wrażliwości. Do obliczeń wykorzystano dwie grupy metod oceny opłacalności ekonomicznej: dynamiczne oraz statyczne. Opracowano trzy scenariusze: scenariusz bazowy, scenariusz niski i wysoki, czyli odpowiednio maksymalnie korzystny i niekorzystny wariant obliczeniowy, utworzony na podstawie badanych zmiennych (stopa dyskonta, jednostkowe nakłady inwestycyjne, koszty utrzymania i remontów, cena sprzedaży energii elektrycznej). Punktem odniesienia dla modelu i zarazem źródłem danych do stworzenia scenariusza bazowego była budowa reaktorów EPR na terytorium Chin oraz Francji. Na podstawie scenariusza bazowego poddano analizie wrażliwości wpływ na efektywność ekonomiczną zmiany tylko jednego spośród powyższych parametrów, zgodnie z zasadą cæteris paribus (z łac. dosł. „inne takie samo”). Fakt, że budowę reaktorów w Chinach i Francji, na których oparto poniższą analizę, charakteryzują skrajnie różne parametry ekonomiczne, utrudnia jednoznaczną odpowiedź, czy analogiczna inwestycja w Polsce osiągnęłaby próg opłacalności. Artykuł odpowiada jednak na pytanie o warunki brzegowe, konieczne do zapewnienia tej opłacalności.

EN

The purpose of the described research is the assessment of economic profitability of undertaking such investment like building a nuclear power plant in Poland together with the sensitivity analysis. Two groups of economic profitability assessment methods were used: dynamic and static. Three scenarios were developed: a reference scenario, the Iow one and a high one, i.e. respectively the most favourable and the least favourable calculation options created on the basis of the following investigated variables: discount rate, unit expenditures, maintenance and operation costs and the price of electricity. The reference point for the model and, at the same time, the source of the data for creation of the reference scenario, was EPR reactors building in China and France. Finally, basing on the results of the reference scenario, the impact of changes of only one of the above parameters on economic efficiency was subject to the sensitivity analysis, according to the caeteris paribus principle (from Latin: "all other things being equal"). The fact that construction processes of reactors in China and France, on which the analysis is based, are characterized by completely different economic parameters, makes it difficult to get an unequivocal answer to the question whether a similar investment in Poland would reach the threshold of profitability. However, the article answers the question about the boundary conditions necessary to make this investment viable.

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The Impact of Extrusion on the Biogas and Biomethane Yield of Plant Substrates

Pilarski K., Pilarska A. A., Witaszek K., Dworecki Z., Żelaziński T., Ekielski A., Makowska A., Michniewicz J.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2016

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Vol. 17, nr 4

264--272

EN

The objective of the present work was to determine the effect of pretreatment by extrusion on the biogas and biomethane yield of lignocellulosic substrates such as maize silage and maize straw silage. The biogas yields of the substrates before and after treatment were compared. Moreover, energy efficiency of pretreatment by extrusion was analyzed in order to assess the applicability of the process in an agricultural biogas plant. Extrusion tests were carried out in a short single-screw extruder KZM-2 in which the length-to-diameter ratio of the screw was 6:1 and rotational speed was 200 rpm. The biogas yield tests of the plant substrates after extrusion were carried out in a laboratory scale, using 15 biofermenters operated in a periodic manner, at a constant temperature of 39°C (mesophilic digestion) and controlled pH conditions. The gas-emission analysis was performed using a certified gas analyzer from Geotech GA5000. Pretreatment by extrusion was observed to improve the quantity of methane generated: in terms of fresh matter for maize silage subjected to extrusion, the methane yield was 16.48% higher than that of the non-extruded silage. On the other hand, maize straw silage after extrusion gave 35.30% more methane than did the same, non-extruded, material. Differences in yields relative to dry organic matter are also described in this paper. Taking into account the amount of energy that is spent on pretreatment and the generated amount of methane, the energy balance for the process gives an idea of the economics of the operation. For maize silage, energy efficiency was lower by 13.21% (-553.2 kWh/Mg), in contrast to maize straw silage, where the increase in energy was 33.49% (678.4 kWh/Mg). The obtained results indicate that more studies on the pretreatment and digestion of maize silage are required in order to improve the efficiency of its use for making biogas. To fully utilize its potential, it is necessary to know thoroughly the effect of the extrusion process and of biogas production on energy efficiency at different conditions.

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Wybrane sposoby wzmacniania skorodowanej stalowej obudowy odrzwiowej

Prusek St., Rotkegel M., Małecki Ł.

Przegląd Górniczy

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2015

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T. 71, nr 5

71--77

PL

W artykule porównano wybrane, najczęściej stosowane metody wzmacniania skorodowanej stalowej obudowy wyrobisk korytarzowych. Zestawiono cechy charakterystyczne poszczególnych metod oraz koszty stosowania niektórych z nich. Spośród analizowanych sposobów najbardziej efektywnym wydaje się być torkretowanie. Przemawia za tym rachunek ekonomiczny oraz poziom bezpieczeństwa prowadzonych prac. Jednak skuteczność obudowy powłokowej z betonu natryskowego wymaga zapewnienia odpowiednich parametrów zgodnych z przyjętymi na etapie projektowania.

EN

This paper compares the most commonly used methods of reinforcing corroded steel arch roadway supports. The characteristics the costs of use of the presented methods are summarized. Among the analyzed, the most effective way of reinforcing appears to be shotcreting. This is influenced by the economic balance and the level of work safety. However, to ensure the effectiveness of the shotcrete lining it is necessary to obtain shotcrete parameters corresponding to those used at the design stage.

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Economic analysis of stationary and spatially optimized photovoltaic systems for Polish climatic conditions

Bugała A., Frydrychowicz-Jastrzębska G.

Computer Applications in Electrical Engineering

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2014

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Vol. 12

452--461

EN

The paper presents the economic aspect of use two - axis Sun tracking systems compared with stationary units in photovoltaics on the basis of own annual measurements of electrical energy for local urban conditions. The results were scaled to maximum power of 10 kWp. Electricity consumption by positioning system and maintenance costs were included and estimated payback period of investment for different variants of settlement of produced energy, taking into account own financing, banking and preferential subsidies under the Prosumer program from the National Fund for Environmental Protection and Water Management, was calculated.

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Gospodarka polska : szanse i zagrożenia rozwoju

Pałaszewski H.

Nowoczesne Systemy Zarządzania

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2011

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T. 6, nr 1

281--294

EN

The processes of economic growth and development are the result of the impact of a range of phenomena and trends. The impact of some of these processes decreases, and the role of others increases with time. Considering these tendencies, one can agree with the hypothesis that the problem involved in the analysis of driving forces of the economic development should be continuously tested. To answer the questions on what activities are likely to reach a constant equilibrium in the world economy, a statement could be ventured that the first step to be taken is to restore the meaning of the world responsibility required at all levels of the social and economic structure.