Wyniki wyszukiwania - BazTech

1

Parasitic Nematode Community Structure in Three Wild Duck Species from Western Pomerania, Poland

Stapf-Skiba Agata N., Kavetska Katarzyna M.

Polish Journal of Ecology

|

2019

|

Vol. 67, nr 3

219--230

EN

Nematode communities of the gastrointestinal tract in three species of wild ducks: mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), tufted duck (Aythya fuligula) and common scoter (Melanitta nigra), from the area of Western Pomerania in Poland, were compared. Nematodes were the most numerous group in the helminth fauna of the common scoter, the second most abundant group in the mallard and the least numerous group among parasites found in the tufted duck. A total of 5348 nematodes belonging to 14 species were isolated from 366 examined ducks. Six nematode species (represented by 607 individuals) were found in mallard, 5 species (493 individuals) in tufted duck and 7 species (3576 individuals) in common scoter. Nematofauna of tufted duck was characterized by the highest species evenness, while the nematofauna of common scoter presented the greatest species diversity. The analysis of fauna similarity showed one common parasitic species (Epomidiostomum uncinatum) for mallard and common scoter, and three species (Tetrameres ryjikovi, T. spinosa and Echinuria hypognatha) for tufted duck and common scoter. Regarding the spatial distribution of nematodes most of them primarily reside in the proventriculus (84% of all nematodes in mallard and 40% in tufted duck) and gizzard (56.6% of all nematodes in tufted duck and 74% in common scoter), whereas, only individuals of the species Eucoleus contortus and Capillaria anatis were located in the oesophagus and intestine. The results confirm that the phylogenetic differences of the three duck species, as well as the differences in their ecology are accompanied by differences in the structure of parasitic nematode community.

2

The transformations of field communities with Illecebrum verticillatum L. (Cariophyllaceae) on the borderlands of its European range (Central Eastern Poland)

Skrajna T., Gozdowski D., Ługowska M.

Polish Journal of Ecology

|

2014

|

Vol. 62, nr 1

3--15

EN

Changes in field communities with Illecebrum verticillatum at the north-eastern limits of the species range in Poland were recorded with the phytosociological method over the years 1994–2010. The material studied consisted of 136 phytosociological relevés which were subjected to numerical classification and ordination according to habitat gradients by the Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA). Changes in communities and habitats were assessed using the following indicators: species richness, the Shannon-Weiner index of biodiversity (H), Simpson’s index of domination (C) and floristic value (FV). The values of these indicators were statistically analysed using the Kruskal-Wallis test at P <0.05. Spearman’s rank correlations were calculated using Statistica 10 to determine relationships between the indicators analysed. On the basis of numerical classification 7 types of phytocoenoses were identified, representing communities at the initial and final phases of the study. At the beginning the communities included: Arnoserido-Scleranthetum with Illecebrum verticillatum, in stubble fields and Spergulario-Illecebretum verticillatum and Digitarietum ischaemi with Illecebrum verticillatum in root crops; at the end of the study they included: Vicietum tetraspermae and the community with Aperion spica-venti in cereals and the diverse, floristically common association Echinochloo-Setarietum. The communities identified reflected changes in the phytocenoses of the permanent sites due to intensification of field production. The comparison of indicators of species number, index of biodiversity and index of domination revealed significant differences. The analysis of habitat indicators according to Ellenberg demonstrated that soil temperature and moisture decreased whereas soil pH and nitrogen increased. The comparison of the taxonomic value of a species group for the association Radiolion linoidis and floristic value of communities revealed that species from the from the alliance R. linoidis were disappearing at a rapid rate.

3

Illecebrum verticillatum L. - endangered species in agrocenoses of Eastern Poland : assessment of ecological and genetic indicators for protection goals

Skrajna T., Kubicka H., Rzymowska Z.

Polish Journal of Ecology

|

2012

|

Vol. 60, nr 3

577-589

EN

A rapid decrease in floristic biodiversity of agrocenoses has been observed in Europe for a half of century. A dynamic intensification of processes of crop production is considered one of the major reasons for shrinking of occurrence acreage and population number, or even extinction of numerous species with narrow ecological niche and high sensitivity to herbicides. These unfavourable transformations contribute to the gene pool restriction and necessity of species conservation. A representative of that group of plants is Illecebrum verticillatum (Caryophyllaceae) - a rare species endangered due to extinction in many European countries. Results of a study on decline of communities with Illecebrum verticillatum at the most northeastward sites in the Kałuszyn Upland (Podlasie Lowland, Eastern Poland) are presented. Observations were made on permanent plots for three periods (I - the years 1994-1997, period II - the years 2002-2004 and period III - the years 2008-2010) over the last 17 years. The material studied consisted of 136 phytosociological releves made by Braun-Blanquet method. Changes in phytocenoses with Illecebrum verticillatum were analysed and the habitat factors responsible for regression of these phytocenoses were identified. The degree of endangering of Illecebrum verticillatum in the area studied was evaluated on the basis of the frequency of occurrence, population abundance and genetic variation at the level of storage proteins in seeds by the modified SDS-PAGE method. Comparison of phytocenoses from different periods revealed a number of qualitative and quantitative differences. The number of sites of occurrence as well as population abundance of Illecebrum verticillatum have drastically decreased. Changes in the contribution of indicatory species (according to Ellenberg) were noted. In periods II and III a decrease in the contribution of hygrophilous and acidophilous species and an increase in that of nitrophilous species was observed. Significant changes in the structure of communities were confirmed by the calculated similarity indices (the most pronounced differences were observed between periods I and III). The phytocenoses were transformed towards degraded floristic composition, manifested by a decrease in the number of species in a plot, decrease in species diversity and increase in the index of domination. A significant increase in pH and nitrogen content at the habitats studied was noted. The phytocenoses reveal a replacement of nitrophilous for the eurytopic species. The factors having the strongest restricting effect on the occurrence of communities with Illecebrum verticillatum in the areas studied include: changes in the structure of agricultural use of land, increase in the contribution of maize in the structure of crops and intensification of production. At present 6 sites with Illecebrum verticillatum remain in the study area about 260 km2 (Kałuszyn Upland, Central-eastern Poland). Electrophoretic analysis of storage proteins in seeds of this species from these sites has shown high genetic similarity of these populations, irrespective of the distances between them (0-19% diversity among six the remaining populations). The diminished genetic pool of Illecebrum verticillatum population in this area indicates a need for the protection of this species.

4

Effect of habitat quality on the structure of populations of Pulsatilla patens (L.) Mill. (Ranunculaceae) - rare and endangered species of European flora

Juśkiewicz-Swaczyna B., Choszcz D.

Polish Journal of Ecology

|

2012

|

Vol. 60, nr 3

567-576

EN

Pulsatilla patens has a circumpolar distribution from Eurasia to North America. This species occurs in the central and central-eastern parts of Europe, where is a rare and threatened species. In Poland, the largest number of sites is found in the north-east. A study on populations of P. patens was carried out in 2009-2010, at two wildlife refuges of the NATURA 2000 (N2000) network situated in North-Eastern Poland. Local names are following: the "Sejneńskie Lake District" (SLD) and the "Grasslands in the Military Training Grounds in Orzysz" (GMO). The current population structure of P. patens was estimated including the number, density and structure of different life cycle stages. Seventy-nine research plots of 2 m x 2 m were established at sites: dry heath, xeric sand calcareous grassland and pine forest. In each plot, all individuals were recorded and classified into life cycle stages: juvenile, vegetative and flowering individuals. The studies were carried out twice a year - in spring, during the full bloom of Easter pasque flower and in summer, in time of its fructification. The bioindication method was applied in order to determine the climatic and soil conditions of the habitats. Relationships were estimated between these population characteristics and habitat-related features such as the cover of phanerogams, cryptogams, litter, and bare soil. The population found on the GMO, was composed of 316 individuals which gives the density 6.4 ind. per plot while the one in SLD consisted of 202 individuals which gives the density 6.7 ind. per plot. The age structure of the populations proved that these were stable populations. This was evidenced by a large share of vegetative individuals - in both populations they prevailed (ca 64%). The highest share of juvenile individuals was noticed at the sites characterized by a moderate cover of cryptogams (21-35%). The analysis of correlations showed that on the non-forest habitats - dry heath and xeric sand calcareous grassland, the total number of individuals and number of vegetative individuals were negatively correlated with the cover of phanerogams and the cover of cryptogams. It was recorded negative impact of dense moss layer on the number of juvenile individuals. Moreover, the cover of litter had negative influence on the total number of individuals, number of juvenile and vegetative individuals. In contrast, the total number of individuals and number of juvenile individuals at that sites was positively affected by the cover of bare soil. A positive correlation was found between the number of vegetative individuals and phanerogams, and also between the number of juvenile individuals and the cover of bare soil at forest habitats. Negative impact on total number of individuals and the number of flowering individuals is exerted by the cover of cryptogams. Considering the ecological indicators set for the plant communities in which Pulsatilla patens appeared, it should be concluded that these were the habitats characterized by moderate light and moderately warm climate condition. The communities with Pulsatilla patens grew on dry and fresh soils, oligotrophic and mesotrophic ones, composed of sand and argillaceous clay. The pH ranging was from moderately acidic to neutral. The analysis of the age structure of the examined populations, the latter can be said to be stable. It can therefore be assumed that the Eastern pasque flower has met the favorable habitat conditions at the analyzed sites, therefore it is justifiable to claim that these sites will exist in the future and will constitute an important part of the resources of this species in Poland.

5

Struktura lasów okolic Warszawy na podstawie zdjęć satelitarnych i lotniczych

Wrzesień M.

Archiwum Fotogrametrii, Kartografii i Teledetekcji

|

2003

|

Vol. 13b

497--505

PL

Celem pracy było zweryfikowanie klasyfikacji nadzorowanej jako metody badania struktury gatunkowej i wiekowej drzewostanów w Rezerwacie Sieraków, Uroczysku Chojnów i Lesie Kabackim oraz ocena wykorzystanych materiałów. Ponadto zbadanie struktury kompleksów leśnych za pomocą wskaźników z ekologii krajobrazu. Do klasyfikacji, która była podstawową wykorzystywaną metodą, wzięto pod uwagę dwa trzykanałowe zestawy (TM2, TM3, TM4 oraz TM3, TM4, TM5) oraz pojedynczy kanał TM4. Określono klasy możliwe do wydzielenia na obrazach satelitarnych i na zdjęciach lotniczych. Dokonano wyboru pól treningowych i określono sygnatury spektralne poszczególnych gatunków i klas wieku. Wykonano klasyfikację nadzorowaną, korzystając z reguły największego prawdopodobieństwa. Uzyskano mapy, których dokładność określono, posługując się macierzą błędów i współczynnikiem zgodności kappa. Wybrano mapy sklasyfikowane z największą dokładnością i poddano je analizie z użyciem wskaźników z ekologii krajobrazu. Po przeanalizowaniu wyników sformułowano następujące wnioski: klasyfikacja nadzorowana obrazów Landsat umożliwia określenie składu gatunkowego i przedziałów klas wieku heterogenicznych kompleksach leśnych w sposób ogólny, skład gatunkowy jest możliwy do wydzielenia z większą dokładnością niż przedziały klas wieku, mimo położenia kompleksów leśnych w jednym regionie biogeograficznym nie można stworzyć jednolitych sygnatur spektralnych, błędy wynikają z uśrednionej informacji zawartej w pikselu, uogólnionych danych zapisanych na mapach drzewostanowych i opisach taksacyjnych, rozbieżności terminów wykonania zobrazowania i map, cyfrową analizę zdjęć lotniczych uniemożliwia zbyt szczegółowy obraz oraz jakość materiałów, które charakteryzują się znaczną zmiennością tonalną w zależności od położenia względem środka zdjęcia, wskaźniki opisujące strukturę drzewostanów ilościowo uzupełniają informację jakościową zawartą na mapach poklasyfikacyjnych, wyniki analizy ilościowej są uzależnione od rodzaju danych teledetekcyjnych.

EN

Forests are rich ecosystems, which fulfill significant functions as scientific, educational and finally recreational. Forest landscapes play a key role, particularly near urban areas like Warsaw, where they are affected by the town and its inhabitants. Collecting data about forests and analyzing it are desirable tasks for the purposes of environmental monitoring, protection, planning and management in different scales (spatial/time). Remotely sensed data proved to be very useful sources of information about forest characteristics as a specific ecosystem and as a part of the boarder landscape. The aim of this study is to present methods and techniques used for analyzing and effectively using satellite images and aerial photographs for certain purposes in forestry and environment protection. Analyses were made on the example of Landsat ETM+ satellite images acquired in 2000 and set of aerial photographs obtained in 1997 (PHARE, true color, 1:26000, 1:5000) and 1992 (color infrared, 1:10000). The areas under study are three forest complexes located near Warsaw: Kampinoski National Park, Chojnowski Landscape Park and Las Kabacki Reserve, which differ in size, diversity, and level of protection. Automated solutions in forest studies deliver objective and high quality thematic data, which are competitive to the conventional survey mapping methods.