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1

From ship to shore – studies into potential practical consequences of autonomous shipping on VTS operation and training

Janssen T., Baldauf M., Claresta G.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2023

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Vol. 17 No. 2

383--390

EN

Vessel Traffic Services (VTS) are to improve the safety and efficiency of vessel traffic and to protect the marine environment by interacting with the ship’s traffic in monitored coastal areas. Today, VTS operators are maritime professionals with nautical education from a university or technical college and practical experience on board. This experience and nautical background is a key element of the work as a VTS operator. It is to support understanding the daily work. The current situation in the maritime domain is undergoing substantial changes, such as introducing new technologies, implementing the e-Navigation concept based on sustainable digitalization and ambitions to realize unmanned and autonomous shipping. This paper will present preliminary results of a pilot study conducted in VTS Centres along the coast of North and Baltic Sea and discuss selected options and opportunities for education and training of future VTS operators, which might not have the advantage of practical sea experience anymore.

2

SMART digital selective calling user interface on the base of Integration maritime navigation and radiocommunication equipment

Koshevyy V. M., Konovets V. I., Shyshkin O. V.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2021

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Vol. 15 No. 2

291--297

EN

High level solution S4 of the IMO E-navigation Strategy Implementation Plan provides integration and presentation of available information in graphical displays received via communication equipment. At the same time, the problem of the correct application of digital selective calling (DSC) operational procedures in navigation practice has existed since the introduction of the GMDSS and requires a solution. This problem may be resolved on the base of integration maritime navigation and radiocommunication equipment. The article proposes approach for practical realization of this integration by implementing a SMART (specific, measurable, assignable, realistic, and timely) DSC interface within S4. Using this approach the practical realisation integration of AIS – DSC – Information display was implemented. It makes possible implementation of user-friendly human-machine interface (HMI) for navigator. An experimental prototype of communication graphical interface is designed, which allows effective decision-making on radio communication control/monitoring. The use IEC 61162-1/2 (Maritime navigation and radiocommunication equipment – Digital interfaces) data transfer provides standard inter-module connections and eliminates the negative impact of the equipment diversity from different manufacturers by means uniform HMI implementation.

3

Port tugboat formation multi-agent control system

Koznowski W., Łebkowski A.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2021

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Vol. 15 No. 4

807--814

EN

The publication presents the structure of the agent system, tasked with control of the formation of unmanned port tugboats capable of performing pilot and towing services. The use of autonomous tugboats with installed software was presented with respect to the existing regulations related to Resolution MSC.467 developed by the Maritime Safety Committee (MSC) belonging to the International Maritime Organization (IMO), which creates guidelines for the definition and harmonization of the structure and format of maritime services in the context of e-navigation. The use of a multi-agent system structure enables synergistic cooperation of tugboats carrying out joint port operations, such as: assistance in maneuvers of ships, precision movement of ships and other objects in port areas, monitoring and patrolling of port areas, carrying out ice operations, carrying out inspections of quays, the possibility of assistance in liquidation of petroleum and similar pollutant spills. The paper presents the structure of the agent system and the description of possible scenarios of port operations. The control algorithms and the applied methods of artificial intelligence, such as evolutionary algorithms with elements of fuzzy logic, were discussed. The recorded traffic parameters from the actions carried out in the simulator of the marine navigation environment were presented.

4

Influence of mutual position of communication network users on accuracy of positioning by telemetry method

Džunda M., Dzurovčin P.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2021

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Vol. 15 No. 2

299--306

EN

In this paper we solve the problem of the influence of the mutual position of the users of the communication network on the accuracy of the telemetric navigation system. We present the principle of operation of a telemetry navigation system and examine the accuracy of determining the position of users of the communication network depending on their mutual position. The telemetric method of determining the position of users of a communication network can be used in shipping or air transport. The simulation of the telemetry system will be performed in the Matlab software environment.

5

GPS Synchronization of audio watermarks in the Maritime Automatically Identified Radiotelephony

Shyshkin O. V., Koshevyy V. M., Ryaboshapka I. V.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2021

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Vol. 15 No. 2

307--312

EN

Audio watermarking (AW) technology in cooperation with GPS synchronization of watermarked frames is proposed for application in the maritime VHF communication for automatic identification of radiotelephone messages. Automatic identification ensures efficient messaging from the very beginning of a radio transmission, while eliminating the human factor inherent in voice identification. AW refers to inaudible embedding of additional data just into the post microphone signal, using standard marine installations without any additional radio channel resources. The designed algorithm is based on data embedding in the Fast Fourier Transform domain with the rate of 32 bit/s. The experimental prototype of the device is designed on the base of micro-controller development kit 32F429IDISCOVERY and GPS module NEO-6M-0-001. Designed system, applied for automatic ship’s identification, provides the full compatibility with the existing radio installation, and does not require replacement of standard VHF transceivers and operational procedures. Besides automatic identification the system may be used in the special applications, for example, by the threat of terrorist attack; generally contributes to navigation safety and information security.

6

Developments of Interface for VHF, MF/HF Communication Using DSC in GMDSS Services in the Framework of E-navigation Concept

Koshevyy V. M., Shyshkin O. V.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2021

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Vol. 15 No. 3

593--600

EN

It is proposed the description of interface for VHF/MF/HF for simplification of DSC communication for implementation in the frame of conception developments in GMDSS services, applied to Maritime Mobile Services. This interface is realized within its integration with INS by an appropriate way on the base of common communication protocol for all three DSC communication sub bands in standardized and harmonized format and significantly simplifies the DSC user interface. It is very important for application in Maritime services, including GMDSS services, VTS services and SAR service. Suggested approach for improving DSC communication is based on the three main outputs of e-navigation strategic direction development related to the integration of communication and navigation equipment/systems, including standardized mode of operation. Implementation of the standardization demands to include in this integration the satellite AIS system. The feasibility of the proposal is supported by the existence of relevant IEC standards and IMO documents.

7

The Need to Update the Navigation Curriculum as a Consequence of Adoption the e-Navigation Model

Jurdziński M.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2020

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Vol. 14. no. 3

541--544

EN

Nowadays the World Transporting System are closely interrelated with the use of integrated navigation model. There is an important need for development and implementation of the new e-navigation system to meet the requirements for increasing level of safety and environment protection, efficient navigation and control of ship’s track in all phases of the passage.

8

Standardization of interface for VHF, MF/HF communication using DSC within Itsintegration with INS in the framework of e-Navigation concept

Koshevyy V., Shishkin O.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2019

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Vol. 13, no. 3

593--596

EN

Digital selective calling (DSC) has a certain drawbacks, which have led to the fact that it is practically not used in address radio communications. Attempts to improve it only within the DSC system itself did not lead to any noticeable results due to neglecting of real user needs. The article proposes an approach to improve the user interface of DSC based on the integration of VHF MF/HF DSC equipment with the INS within the three main outputs of strategic direction of e-navigation development related to the integration of communication and navigation systems and, in particular, the S-mode. This approach allows us to significantly simplify the DSC user interface, based on the standardization of DSC integration for all three VHF MF/HF communication sub bands. For implementation such standardization an additional inclusion into the integration a satellite AIS system should be done. The feasibility of the proposal is supported by the existence of relevant IEC standards and IMO documents. The possibility of increasing the cyber security level of AIS messages in this interface is also considered.

9

Merging conventionally navigating ships and MASS - Merging VTS, FOC and SCC?

Baldauf M., Fischer S., Kitada M., Mehdi R. A., Al-Quhali M. A., Fiorini M.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2019

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Vol. 13, no. 3

495--501

EN

Current maritime transportation and shipping is characterized by rapid technological developments effecting the basic concepts of operating ships and even changing traditional paradigms of controlling ships. The e-Navigation concept of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) specifically aims at more comprehensive and reliable support of the human operators on-board and ashore. However, autonomous unmanned ships remote controlled or even autonomously navigating are expected to come soon. In this paper, selected operational aspects of maritime traffic merging conventional and unmanned remote controlled ships in coastal areas are discussed. Furthermore, some preliminary results of experimental simulation studies into a future scenario of maritime traffic are presented and preliminary conclusions in respect to job profiling and training requirements are discussed.

10

Implementation of e-Navigation strategies for RIS centres supporting inland navigation

Lisaj A.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2019

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Vol. 13, no. 1

145--149

EN

The article presents at e-Navigation strategy and implementation plan for RIS centres supporting inland navigation. The author describes the RIS centre system architecture and modules collaborating in the process of data transmission based on e-Navigation technologies. The functional requirements of e-Navigation strategies for distress communications procedures and ensuring the safety of inland navigation in compliance with the EU directives are described. The components of e-Navigation, which integrate state-of-the-art satellite and terrestrial radio communications systems in the process of effective and efficient management of navigational data transmission, are presented. The feasibility of implementation of e-Navigation strategies for the Multifunctional Communication System integrating digital and analog data processing systems in maritime and inland navigation are analysed. A technological model of the Maritime Navigation Cloud supporting data exchange in the e-Navigation system is put forward.

11

Analiza działania Morskiej Stacji Referencyjnej w Świnoujściu jako podstawa do stworzenia morskich systemów IDS (Instrument Docking System)

Pietraszkiewicz J., Tycholiz W.

Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Gdyni

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2018

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nr 107

84--98

PL

W artykule opisano fazy podchodzenia statku do portu ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem problemu wyznaczania pozycji jednostki z dużą dokładnością w czasie rzeczywistym. W tym aspekcie przeprowadzona została analiza systemów pozycjonowania, ich dokładności, dostępności, niezawodności oraz zasięgu działania. W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań obserwacji dokładności systemu pozycjonowania w Świnoujściu, przeprowadzonych przez zespół NavSim Polska Sp. z o.o. Podkreślając wykorzystanie techniki RTK (Real Time Kinematic), przeprowadzono analizę działania Morskiej Stacji Referencyjnej (MSR) w Świnoujściu. Artykuł prezentuje możliwe praktyczne wykorzystanie technologii GNSS RTK (Global Navigation Satellite Systems) do budowy systemów elektronicznego zobrazowania rzeczywistej sytuacji nawigacyjnej dużej jednostki oraz wdrożenia na wzór systemów lotniczych ILS (Instrument Landing System) lub GBAS (Ground Based Augmentation System) morskich systemów IDS (Instrument Docking System). Przedstawione wnioski uzasadniają przydatność MSR w Świnoujściu oraz stosowanie podobnych systemów w celu zwiększenia bezpieczeństwa podczas wprowadzania statków do portu.

EN

Navigating large vessels in the confined waters (coastal/approach and harbour) is everything but trivial. Due to heavy vessel traffic, vicinity of navigational hazards, limited water depth, rapidly changing navigational circumstances, and tremendous weight of the vessels, navigating, mooring and docking activities are demanding and stressful for the pilots. Stress usually leads to increased tiredness, risk of human error and thus to a larger number of incidents and accidents. Marine pilots are more tired and less effective. In the temperate zones there is an additional factor to be considered: poor visibility. This article presents a practical application of the GNSS RTK technology in the electronic chart and situational awareness system as well as the concept of the Instrument Docking System (IDS) for vessels, which in its purpose and fundamental elements is similar to the Instrument Landing System (ILS) for aircrafts).

12

Some aspects of the modernization plan for the GMDSS

Korcz K.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2017

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Vol. 11, no. 1

167--174

EN

Preliminary Modernization Plan for the Global Maritime Distress and Safety System (GMDSS) have been presented. On the base of a current status of the GMDSS and the discussion on a modernization topic some aspects of the Modernization Plan for the GMDSS, both regulatory and technical nature, have been described. Future work on the Modernization Plan for the GMDSS have been discussed as well.

13

Implementation of a preliminary inference algorithm for an automatic communication system

Wójcik A., Banaś P.

Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie

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2016

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nr 46 (118)

54--57

EN

One of the factors affecting a ship’s safety during its voyage is the ability to detect encounter situations. Navigators mostly use two parameters: closest point of approach (CPA) and time to CPA (TCPA). Their limit values, considered as safe, depend on the parameters of the vessel, geographic area, and weather conditions. These limits are set by the navigator and are based on his experience; however, in specific situations, there is a need to use other parameters, such as ship domain. It is very important for the automated communication system to determine the critical moment when intership communication should be started. The article presents an algorithm of automatic detection of situations where the communication should be initiated. The influence of data relating to the vessel, geographic area, and weather conditions can be taken into account. The output produced by the program, based on the authors’ algorithm, is presented.

14

Functionality of Sea Ice Data Sources on the NSR

Pastusiak T.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2016

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Vol. 10, no. 3

441--450

EN

The functionality of available official sources of sea ice data for the Northern Sea Route to date is low. In recent years a large number of new publicly available sources have appeared. Their functionality for purposes of route planning has yet to be evaluated. This study presents results of qualitative and expert analyses of various sources. It is proposed to use new indicators to enable comparison of functionality of data sources. New sources provide the technical progress that is instrumental in reducing the amount of effort and influence of the human factor in the decision-making system. The study also presents solutions to the problem of limited bandwidth available at high latitudes with Iridium satellite system. Presented solutions can be used on any vessel by any company or navigator to implement or design the decision support system related to route planning in ice in accordance with the requirements of the ISM Code and concept of e-Navigation.

15

Extended Framework for Usability Testing in e-Navigation Systems

Zalewski P., Muczyński B.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2016

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Vol. 10, no. 1

43--48

EN

The paper presents the framework of usability testing of ECDIS equipment based on the IMO’s Guidelines on Software Quality Assurance and Human-centred Design for e-Navigation. By incorporating the eye tracking techniques into the procedure it was possible to measure the visual attention distribution and the cognitive work-load. The presented method could be used to evaluate usability of every e-navigation system, which is necessary to ensure that the seafarers are able to successfully perform primary operations of systems upgraded with e-navigation functions, regardless of the type and specifications of the system and users’ knowledge and experience with the system. The initial results are presented and discussed as the study is still ongoing.

16

e-Nav, is it enough?

Weintrit A.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2016

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Vol. 10, no. 4

567--574

EN

In the paper the Author tries to present the background to e-Navigation and its definition, the key elements which in the vision for e-Navigation were covered and the IMO's strength as the co-ordinator of e-Navigation, including strategy implementation plan. The underlying important principles were stated, together with the need to take user needs into account. Recent presentations and comments showed just how ambiguous the term „users? can be in the context of e-Navigation. This led to a more in depth review of the components of the IMO Strategy Implementation Plan. The author tries to answer the question of whether these assumptions, decisions and actions taken were appropriate and sufficient. The author asks the simple question whether the mere adoption and introduction of the concept of e-Navigation in life will be enough to meet all the challenges of the twenty-first century.

17

Bridging IMO e-Navigation Policy and Offshore Oil and Gas Operations through Geospatial Standards

Modesto F., Bazilio C., Weitzel L., Carballini J., Peyton D.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2016

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Vol. 10, no. 1

49--55

EN

In offshore industry activities, the suitable onboard provision of assets location and geospatial marine information during operations is essential. Currently, most companies use its own data structures, resulting in incompatibility between processes. In order to promote the data exchange, oil and gas industry associations have pursued initiatives to standardize spatial information. In turn, the IMO - International Maritime Organization - started the implementation of e-Navigation policy, which is the standardization of technologies and protocols applied to maritime information and navigation. This paper shows relationship and integration points between maritime activities of oil and gas industry and e-Navigation technologies and processes, highlighting geospatial information. This paper also preludes out an initiative for a suitable product specification for the offshore oil and gas industry, compliant with e-Navigation and IHO S-100 international standards.

18

Elektroniczny system identyfikacji statusu znaków nawigacyjnych na Zatoce Gdańskiej

Dziewicki M., Ledóchowski M., Stupak T.

Prace Wydziału Nawigacyjnego Akademii Morskiej w Gdyni

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2016

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Z. 31

25--37

PL

System monitorowania oznakowania nawigacyjnego spełnia dwie funkcje: dla urzędu morskiego sprawdza prace znaku nawigacyjnego i jego wyposażenia, a dla statku – ostrzega go o złej pozycji lub uszkodzeniu światła. W publikacji przedstawiono rolę systemu automatycznej identyfikacji AIS w ostrzeganiu o złej pracy znaku i przesyłaniu danych meteo. Podano również wymagania dla systemu projektowanego na Zatokę Gdańską. Przedstawiono pracę systemu monitorowania oznakowania pracującego w Szwecji.

EN

The navigational marks monitoring system fulfil two functions, for ships it warns about wrong position of the mark or light damage, for maritime administration information about equipment of mark work. Automatic Identification System role in ships warning about damage navigational aids and meteorological data sending is presented in the publication. Requirement for projected for gulf of Gdansk navigational aids monitoring system is presented here too. The principles of work for Swedish navigational marks monitoring system is shown in this paper.

19

SBAS integrity data in e-navigation systems

Zalewski P.

Prace Naukowe Politechniki Warszawskiej. Transport

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2016

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z. 113

495--506

EN

The paper presents the usable form of SBAS integrity data presentation in e-navigation systems. The usability testing of ECDIS display augmented with innovative SBAS integrity data tool was based on the IMO’s Guidelines on Software Quality Assurance and Human-centred Design for e-Navigation. By incorporating the eye tracking techniques into the procedure it was possible to measure the visual attention distribution and the cognitive workload. The applied usability evaluation method proved that the seafarers were able to successfully perform primary operations of the systems reasonably upgraded with SBAS integrity tool and raise their situation awareness, regardless of the type and specifications of the system and their knowledge and experience with the system.

PL

W artykule opisano przyjazny dla użytkownika sposób prezentacji danych wiarygodności (integralności) GNSS pozyskiwanych z SBAS w systemach e-Nawigacji. Test użyteczności zobrazowania ECDIS z danymi SBAS został oparty o wytyczne IMO: „Guidelines on Software Quality Assurance and Human-centred Design for e-Navigation”. Poprzez włączenie do procedury testu technik okulograficznych możliwe było zmierzenie koncentracji wzrokowej użytkownika oraz jego obciążenia poznawczego. Zastosowana metoda oceny pozwoliła dowieść, że nawigatorzy byli w stanie wykonać podstawowe operacje na systemach wyposażonych w narzędzie SBAS podobniejak na systemach bez tego narzędzia równocześnie podnosząc swoją świadomość sytuacyjną.

20

Virtual test bed for maritime safety assessment

Hahn A., Gollücke V., Buschmann C., Schweigert S.

Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie

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2015

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nr 44 (116)

116--122

EN

“Safe voyage from berth to berth”: This is the goal of all e-Navigation strains driven by new technologies, new infrastructures, and new organizational structures on bridge, on shore, as well as in the cloud. To facilitate these efforts suitable engineering and safety/risk assessment methods are required. Understanding maritime transportation as a sociotechnical system allows the usage of system-engineering methods. Simulation-based test beds for verification and validation (V +V) of e-Navigation technologies are important methods to obtain functional safety and reliability. The modeling and simulation toolset HAGGIS is a cosimulation system for the evaluation of e-Navigation concepts and systems. It provides a maritime traffic simulator and a physical world (n-body) simulator and services for finding rare events of failures. HAGGIS is accompanied by the physical test bed LABSKAUS, which implements a reference port and waterways. This paper describes an integrated and seamless approach for developing new e-Navigation technologies starting with virtual simulation-based safety assessment and ending in physical real-world demonstrations. It gives an overview of the actual test bed and introduces requirements, concepts and elements of HAGGIS and LABSKAUS, which are joined in the e-Maritime Integrated Reference Platform (eMIR) test bed.