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1

Urbicide and destruction in Eastern Europe: Warsaw, Mariupol, and Aghdam in comparative analysis

Aliyeva Aysu, Rahmanov Araz, Salmanov Bakhtiyar, Naghili Elvin, Rustamova Inji, Sultanzada Zeytuna

Wiedza Obronna

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2023

|

nr 4

EN

The term urbicide is generally understood as “violence against the city” or “destruction of the urban,” where urbs means “city” and cide refers to the “killing.” This term applies to a deliberate attempt to destroy a city or urban settlement. However, urbicide represents neither a supplement to mass extermination nor collateral to armed intervention, as its purpose is to ruin the city itself. The term was coined in 1963 by Michael Moorcock and has been widely employed to describe urban restructuring, mostly in Western countries. However, scholars began using this term in the context of destruction beginning with the Balkan Wars in the 1990s, especially after the “Siege of Sarajevo.” Besides the Balkan Wars, different types of urbicide have happened in the Middle East and Eastern Europe, including in post-Soviet countries. The present renewed interest in the topic of urbicide is connected with the wars in Syria and Ukraine. This study focused on the first incident of urbicide in modern warfare, Warsaw during the Second World War, and two recent cases: Mariupol in Ukraine and Aghdam in Azerbaijan. The author, by comparing different cases, posits that a warring party that embarks on urbicide might pursue different goals—not only to destroy a conflicting party’s defense, but also to erase the city’s cultural attribution as well as to prevent the future rehabilitation and return of the pre-war population.

2

Guerre à la Carte: Cyber, Information, Cognitive Warfare and the Metaverse

Marsili Marco

Applied Cybersecurity & Internet Governance

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2023

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Vol. 2, No. 1

1--11

EN

Hybrid warfare is currently among the most trending topics. Hybrid threats arise in digital, cybernetic, and virtual environments and materialise in the real world. Despite being a somewhat vague term, hybrid activities include cyberwarfare, information warfare, and the emerging and evolving concept of cognitive warfare which appears from their intersection. These buzzwords gained popular attention in the context of the Russo- -Ukrainian conflict and such terms are now in vogue. Even though these topics are in the spotlight, there is also widespread confusion about what exactly these usages mean and what the implications are in branding them as “warfare”. Indeed, all these concepts are fluid, nebulous, and lack an undisputed legal definition. This article aims to clarify their meaning and to shed light on the characteristics of such terms – differences, similarities and overlaps – in the context of hybrid warfare and show the faulty reasoning upon which misunderstandings are based. The paper concludes with a glimpse into the future, closing with a reflection on multi-domain operations facilitated by a fully integrated human- -computer interaction in the metaverse, where physical reality is merged and interacts with digital virtuality.

3

Prawno-organizacyjne zasady działania administracji publicznej i organów dowodzenia sił zbrojnych w warunkach zewnętrznego zagrożenia państwa i w czasie wojny

Lidwa Witold, Nowak Dariusz, Lewandowski Grzegorz

Wiedza Obronna

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2021

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nr 4

51--65

PL

W tekście autorzy odnieśli się do wprowadzenia metodologicznego problematyki zapewnienia prawnoorganizacyjnych uwarunkowań funkcjonowania państwa w warunkach zewnętrznego zagrożenia i w czasie wojny. Wyjaśniono podstawowe pojęcia dotyczące tej problematyki, jak również określono cele badań we wskazanym zakresie oraz możliwy do przyjęcia główny problem badawczy i szczegółowe problemy badawcze. W dalszej części, na podstawie analizy regulacji prawnych, literatury przedmiotu autorzy przedstawili podstawowe zagadnienia związane z podniesionym tematem, w tym kwestie dotyczące gotowości obronnej państwa, funkcjonowania organów administracji publicznej w tym wojskowej oraz przywrócenia stanu normalnego funkcjonowania państwa po wojnie.

EN

In the text, the authors refer to the introduction of the methodological issues of ensuring legal and organizational conditions for the functioning of the state in conditions of external threats and in times of war. The basic concepts related to this issue were explained, as well as the objectives of the research in the indicated scope as well as the acceptable main research problem and detailed research problems were defined. Further on, on the basis of the analysis of legal regulations and literature on the subject, the authors presented the basic issues related to the discussed topic, including issues related to the state's defense readiness, the functioning of public administration bodies, including the military, and restoration of the state to normal functioning after the war.

4

Przegląd metod kartograficznej prezentacji działań wojennych

Augustyniak J., Kuźma M., Pędzich P.

Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny

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2015

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T. 47, nr 3-4

245--256

PL

Artykuł poświęcony jest przedstawianiu działań bojowych na mapach. Omówiono problemy doboru metod prezentacji kartograficznej i możliwości wynikające z zastosowania technologii GIS-owych, usług sieciowych, rozszerzonej rzeczywistości do przedstawiania dynamiki działań wojennych oraz pokazano różnorodne przykłady prezentacji tych działań.

EN

Maps, depicting the warfare, are elaborated according to the rules developed over the years. Although, they are not free of errors. The authors draw our attention to the diversity of methods related to the cartographic presentations, which are shown on the historical maps. This is quite understandable, because every such a map introduces an individual point of view on the historical facts. It is noted, that the most commonly used methods are the qualitative ones, among which, for instance, first of all, the method of signature is frequently used. In the case of historical maps displaying an event in the specific sequence of times, a loss of cartographic information always occur. This is connected both with the complexity of historical facts and with the difficulty in reading a map, which should present the dynamics of this phenomenon in a complete way. The dynamic variables, such as the time of exposure, duration, frequency, order, degree of change and synchronisation, should be taken into account on the maps of warfare. The use of information technology makes it possible to develop not only the simple maps presenting the course of warfare in the statistic and schematic ways, but also the maps, which are rich in various types of multimedia information. Multimedia cartographic presentations can be enriched with the photos and panoramas showing the direct effects of warfare and the pseudo three-dimensional visualization showing the battle from a selected direction. The proprietary software let to combine the sequence of photos into a presentation, allowing to take a virtual tour of the areas directly affected by the hostilities. Network services, such as WMS, WFS, WCS, provide the integrated data from the different sources for us. So, we can connect the archival maps with the contemporary satellite images, defining, thus, the location of a specific place in the terrain. The authors do not cover the issue of complexity connected with the elaboration of maps presenting the combat operations. The most important problems, which have not been discussed in this article, are the following ones: lack of base maps from the period to which the presented issues related, deliberate distortion of map contents, historical and cartographic imprecisions presented on the maps, appropriate selection of the methods of cartographic presentation related to the phenomena, which are presented on the maps.

5

Założenia organizacyjno-metodyczne przygotowania funkcjonariuszy formacji policyjnych przeznaczonych do bezpośredniej ochrony osób

Dróżdż A.

Zeszyty Naukowe SGSP / Szkoła Główna Służby Pożarniczej

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2013

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Nr 48 (4)

197--214

PL

Różnorodność i specyfika zadań realizowanych przez funkcjonariuszy formacji policyjnych przeznaczonych do bezpośredniej ochrony osób zawartych w zakresie obowiązków, wymaga najwyższego poziomu wiedzy i umiejętności zawodowych oraz wysokiego poziomu cech psychomotorycznych. Osiągnięcie tych umiejętności wymaga co najmniej dwóch lat intensywnego szkolenia o różnym zróżnicowaniu, a także odpowiedniego nakładu środków finansowych. W pełni wyszkoleni funkcjonariusze stanowią zaplecze kadrowe dla istniejących grup ochronnych najważniejszych osób w państwie oraz wizytujących nasz kraj przedstawicieli innych krajów. Stanowią wizytówkę formacji zarówno w kraju, jak i na arenie międzynarodowej. Są wzorem dla młodej kadry formacji i dlatego powinni charakteryzować się odpowiednim wyszkoleniem i sprawnością, wiedzą, kulturą osobistą, a także umiejętnością odpowiedniego zachowania się w różnych sytuacjach w czasie realizacji zadań ochronnych.

EN

The preparation of the police formations officers for the direct protection of individuals requires specialist trainings. These trainings cover diverse areas such as tactical, pyrotechnical , physical, defense and specialist training. The trainings are conducted in various forms and include the following: theoretical and practical classes, camps, tests, competitions. The scope and the character of the trainings are adjusted to the present-day battle field and as well as to the changes occurring in the environment-specific tasks performed by the officers of particular police formations.

6

Sztuka wojenna : kontekst teoretyczny i praktyczny

Polak A.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2013

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nr 3(92)

219-228

EN

The article presents concepts of the art of war, that is the theory and practice of war military activities and crises reaction. In this context the term has two meanings. The first regards the theory, while the second is connected with practical steps taken by commands and armies in the scope of preparing and conducting the war activities. The article describes three basic fields of the art of war, that is the strategy, operational art and tactics. The first field-strategy refers to the measures chosen and undertaken in connection with preparing the state and, first of all, the armed forces to a war. The second field-tactics is generally interested in combat. The operational art is the youngest field of the art of war and it deals with operations and the art of commanding troops in operations. The article also discusses elementary categories of the art of war at the strategic, operational and tactical levels. The authors of the article refer to the works of Carl von Clausewitz, Antoine H. Jomini, Ferdinand Foch, Basil H. Liddel Hart, Andre Beafre, Franciszek Skibiński, Stefan Mossor, Stanisław Rola-Arciszewski and Stanisław Koziej.

7

Identyfikacja środków ciężkości w teorii i praktyce działań obrony przeciwlotniczej i sił powietrznych

Radomyski A.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2012

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nr 2(87)

38-58

EN

The article presents general research results relating to the way points of gravity are perceived in war operation theory and practice, drawing particular attention to two opposing combat systems, i.e. potential enemy’s air defence and air forces. According to the author’s methodology the scope of reality is described corresponding to the current theoretical knowledge in the area of the points of gravity essence, their types and methods of establishing them in the aspect of classic war operations and operations other than war. In addition, attention is paid to views’ shaping that refer to the points of gravity identification basing on historical development of the art of war, modern operations including, such as two wars in the Persian Gulf.

8

Toruńskie mosty przez Wisłę na XVII-wiecznych rycinach

Mistewicz M.

Drogownictwo

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2010

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nr 12

424-429

PL

Mosty przez Wisłę w Toruniu użytkowane w XVII wieku omówiono na podstawie starych miedziorytów. Mosty były wielokrotnie niszczone przez powodzie, pochody lodów na rzece lub działania militarne a następnie odbudowywane. W artykule zamieszczono relację angielskiego podróżnika na temat wieszarowych konstrukcji drewnianych o znacznej długości zastosowanych na moście w Toruniu.

EN

Bridges over Vistula river in Torun city used in the 17th century are explained on the basis of old cooper-plate engravings. The bridges had been destroyed many times by floods, ice coming down the river or military operations and then reconstructed. English traveler's description concerning the triangle truss timber structures of great length implemented for the Torun bridge is mentioned in the article.

9

Gra w szachy a rozwiązywanie problemów wojskowych

Kende G., Seres G.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

|

2007

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nr 1(66)

399-424

PL

Istnienie związków między szachami a zarządzaniem wiedzą, szachami a strategią wojskową, szachami a rozwijaniem umiejętności, szachami a rozwijaniem zdolności do podejmowania decyzji, szachami a rozwojem osobowości jest znane od dawna. Istota niniejszej publikacji oraz zawarte w niej sugestie ukierunkowane są na ścisły związek tej gry z rozwojem techniki informacyjnej ostatnich dekad. W 2004 roku naukowcy Szwecji oraz Australii, przy zastosowaniu programów komputerowych i metod matematycznych, uzyskali znaczące wyniki w badaniach nad związkiem szachów z działaniami wojennymi. W 2006 roku na Węgrzech podjęto szerokie studia, których wyniki są przedstawiane w publikacjach, a także w trakcie konferencji naukowych. Od września 2007 roku będzie prowadzona dysertacja doktorska w ramach studiów doktoranckich węgierskiego Uniwersytetu Obrony Narodowej im. Miklósa Zrinyi. Będzie nosiła tytuł: Studiowanie szachów oraz ich związków z technikami informacyjnymi w celu określenia podobieństw oraz możliwości zastosowania tej gry w obszarze operacji wojskowych, rozwoju uzbrojenia, podejmowania decyzji, szkolenia wojskowego i edukacji. Ze względu na silne związki szachów z technikami informacyjnymi znacząco wzrosła efektywność możliwości nauki gry w szachy, co skutkuje w rezultacie zwiększeniem możliwości rozwijania zdolności podejmowania decyzji. Niniejsza publikacja, dzięki przedstawieniu najnowszych wyników badań naukowych, wskazuje na sposoby dalszego rozwijania poprzez szachy cech i zdolności przydatnych w sferze wojskowości.

EN

The relationship between chess and knowledge management, chess and military strategy, chess and skills development, chess and decision-making ability development, chess and personality development is far from being new. The timeliness of our publication and suggestions is supported by the development of information technology in the recent decades. In 2004 Swedish and Australian scientists achieved substantial results in the research of the relationship between chess and warfare by using computer technology and mathematical methods. In 2006 in Hungary new research began which is marked by several publications and conference presentations. From September 2007 a new PhD topic will be launched by the PhD School of Military Technology at Zrinyi Miklós National Defence University which title is: “Studying chess and its informational technology background to find analogies and application possibilities regarding battlefield operations, armaments development, decision making, military training and education”. Due to the excellent information technological background of chess, the effectiveness of chess education has substantially increased, as a result of which, up-to-date methods of skills, personality and decision-making ability development through chess are relatively easy to work out and accomplish. This publication, by presenting some fresh results, points at the possibility of chess related research and exploiting the educational, skills, personality and decision-making ability development in military matters thorough chess.

10

Zgrupowania wojsk lądowych w terenie zabudowanym

Sobolewski G.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2006

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nr 2(63)

148-157

EN

Political transformations of the last decade of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century and also connected with them increase of national and international conflicts started numerous revaluations in the conceptions of military forces engagement. This led to NATO’s and European Union’s growing interest in intervention and peace operations problems within the broad term of security. This resulted in enlarging the traditional area of armed forces tasks with crisis management and peace support operations. Through a dialogue, cooperation, partnership and using selected armed forces’ components, the UN, OSCE, NATO and EU try to stabilize different countries and regions. Future war operations or below the threshold of war operations will definitely be conducted within Multinational Task Force, their foundation will make tactical groups delegated by particular countries. This awareness obliges us to be prepared as a NATO and EU member to create and effective operations within such groups in various conditions. If we take this into consideration, then it will be easier to answer the question what the land forces will be like in future. The problems of fighting in the built up area is the field of research and changes that are currently conducted in many armies in the world. Not only does this show the significance of the problem, but also causes that the adopted solutions are swiftly out-of-date. Hypothetical predictions show the need of changing the theory of fighting in the built up area, particularly relating to the land forces content and way of engagement. Solving crisis situations will be performed mainly using multinational task forces, the basis of which will be land forces groups.

11

Użycie bezpilotowych aparatów latających (BAL) we wsparciu ogniowym w operacji „Iracka Wolność”

Świętochowski N.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2005

|

nr 1(58)

235-245

EN

The author touches on the problem of using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) in fire support on the example of the conflict in Iraq. UAVs are used for the battlefield reconnaissance mainly on strategic and operational levels. However, as experiences from fighting in Iraq show, they are more and more commonly used on a tactical level as well. In the operation Iraqi Freedom UAVs were used in reconnaissance for fire support. The basic recce equipment of the enemy artillery and missiles in the US Army are radiolocation stations ANT PQ - 36 and 37. This equipment, although extremely efficient, can only perform active reconnaissance, i.e. detect enemy artillery after it started its combat activities. However, UAVs can detect artillery on standby or moving to other combat posts. Due to UAVs the enemy artillery can be detected even before their combat activities started what limits friendly losses and allows gaining fire domination on the battlefield. Brief characteristics of UAVs used in Iraq were presented in the first part of the article. The basic tactical and technical data and main reconnaissance devices mounted on UAVs board were described. The second part of the article deals with the way UAVs were used in reconnaissance for fire support in the 5th Mechanised Corps and Marines Corps. The scheme of destroying the enemy artillery process and data reconnaissance transfer and the way they are used were presented on illustrations. Some particular examples of using UAVs on the battlefield were shown. Using UAVs for fire support significantly increased the abilities of proactive detection and destruction of the enemy fire assets. UAVs have been rapidly developing recently and one can assume that they will play a more and more important role on the battlefield replacing manned aircraft.

12

Współczesne aspekty ochrony wozów bojowych

Kostrov R.

Szybkobieżne Pojazdy Gąsienicowe

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2003

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nr 2 (18)

33--40

13

Ogólna charakterystyka procesu planowania działań

Konieczny K., Smólski W.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2000

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nr 1(38)

30-53

EN

The article deals with the model of communication planning process basing on the process of command. A general plan of the staff work in the process of command is presented in the first part of the article, in the second one- basic activities in the process of command, communication planning process in particular. The actions planning process, the information - decision-making communication process including, is called a communication commanding process and is introduced in the article on the example of communication and computer information team in a mechanised brigade. It is, however, so general that can be applied on other command levels. The factors are shown on each stage of the planning process that should be included into communication and computer information team’s works in order to carry out a full communication evaluation of their task and work out necessary documents. The basic documents used to write the article, regarding command, are mostly the materials prepared by the research workers and teachers of the Command and Communication Faculty. According to the authors this study will enable getting closer to the problems of communication command process on a tactical level and can be used by, e.g., the communication and computer information team during exercises carried out in AON.

14

O ekologicznych skutkach użycia broni masowego rażenia w działaniach wojennych

Malicki E.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2000

|

nr 3(40)

72-81

EN

The influence of NBC weapons use on the natural environment has been discussed in the article. The effects of using nuclear, biological and chemical weapons on the environment were described basing on data collected from military conflicts, experimental training fields and experiments. Also the information relating to natural calamities or man – caused disasters was used while elaborating the material. Using the NBC weapons threatens the humanity and the whole globe with tragic and distant consequences - this is the overall conclusion of the influence of NBC weapons use on the natural environment.

15

Istota i cel współczesnego natarcia. Cz. 3, Natarcie związku taktycznego

Kaczmarek W.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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1999

|

nr 2(35)

45-65

EN

In the successive article discussing complex problems of brigade and division assault, opinions on periods (phases) of conducting assaults have been presented. The first of them has been defined by the author as the troops manoeuvre on the attack line. The issues connected with conducting march attack (after approaching from the rears) and attack from a location of contact with enemy have been touched on. Also selective overcoming of screening zones. The second phase was defined as an assault. It is treated by the author as the main phase which requires much attention. He stresses the issues connected with the air force activities taking into consideration the aspect of their role in the time of performing tasks by the main forces. The final part of the article concerns essential, according to the author, differences between the assault deployment and its magnifying.

16

Istota i cel współczesnego natarcia. Cz. 2, Natarcie związku taktycznego

Kaczmarek W.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

|

1999

|

nr 1(34)

21-32

EN

The article presents conditions when a brigade and/or division can conduct an assault. The significant contents of the author’s considerations are focused on defining relations and dependencies between the place of a brigade/division in operational group and a defence form conducted by the enemy. Basing on the task definition, which is perceived in the con-text of the purpose of the action, differences between defence breaking and defence defeating have been outlined. In the final part of the article the author’s viewpoints concerning actions of so called separated operational unit have been presented.

17

Istota i cel współczesnego natarcia. Cz. 1

Kaczmarek W.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

|

1998

|

nr 4(33)

96-111

PL

Attempting to place the attack in a general classification of combat, one should analyse how it has been seen so far in our army and how it is defined in other countries. It is stressed correctly in regulations and instructions published in the West that the attack is a basic kind of combat actions. It is essential to define different kinds of combat in order to place precisely the attack in the combat classification. According to the accepted classification, the basic combat actions can be divided into two kinds. The first difference consists in the fact that they are divided into defensive and offensive actions, and not into defence and attack. The second difference is connected with the accepted forms of actions. Offensive actions can be conducted in the form of assault, search and combat encounter. The defensive actions, however, are carried out in the positional (steady) defence and manoeuvre (mobile) defence. The main point of reference to make precise the kind of combat is its aim. It can be defined in different ways. It is worth noticing that the assault and its aim have to be defined differently in case of operations conducted in the area of the country. Information, understood in a broad sense will also be an important factor, sometimes even deciding of the attack success in the air - land dimension.