Wyniki wyszukiwania - BazTech

1

Sposoby ograniczania przegrzewania budynku szkoły w standardzie pasywnym

Dudzińska Anna, Panasiuk Ewelina

Materiały Budowlane

|

2023

|

nr 12

67--72

PL

Instalacja pompy ciepła wraz z wymiennikami gruntowymi korzystnie kształtuje komfort cieplny w pomieszczeniach latem. W artykule sprawdzono, czy zastosowanie w szkole w standardzie pasywnym w Budzowie modyfikacji przyjętych tam rozwiązań konstrukcyjnych i lokalizacyjnych mogłoby wystarczająco ograniczyć przegrzewanie obiektu latem, eliminując w ten sposób potrzebę stosowania systemów chłodzenia. Stosując analizy symulacyjne, w programie Design Builder, rozpatrywano warunki, jakie powstają w przypadku różnych modyfikacji systemów osłon zewnętrznych i wewnętrznych zastosowanych w szkole. Analizie poddano także różne możliwości orientacji wybranej klasy względem stron świata. Dokonano obrotu modelu budynku szkoły, odpowiednio o 90°, 180° i 270°. Symulacje przeprowadzono w okresie dwumiesięcznym, tj. 01.05 - 31.06. Zaprezentowane w artykule wyniki wykazały, iż system wentylacji mechanicznej skutecznie ogranicza przegrzewanie pomieszczeń latem jedynie w połączeniu ze źródłem chłodu w formie gruntowego wymiennika ciepła i pompy ciepła. Pozostałe sugerowane modyfikacje budynku nie są tak efektywne jak chłodzenie gruntowe. W celu obiektywnej oceny warunków komfortu, w artykule zaproponowano odmienny i bardzo prosty sposób szacowania miary dyskomfortu, związanej z przegrzewaniem.

EN

Heat pumps together with ground heat exchangers favorably shape thermal comfort in summer. This study examines whether the use of modifications to the construction and location solutions adopted in a passive standard school building in Budzów could sufficiently reduce overheating in summer, thus eliminating the need for building services. Through simulation in Design Builder, the conditions that arise for various modifications of the exterior and interior insulation systems used in the school were considered. Also analyzed were various possibilities for the orientation of the selected classroom in relation to the cardinal directions. Rotations of the school building model by 90°, 180° and 270° respectively, were done. Simulations were carried out for the two-month period between May 1 and June 31. The results presented showed that the mechanical ventilation system, in combination with a source of cooling in the form of a ground heat exchanger and heat pump, can effectively reduce discomfort in summer on its own. The other suggested modifications to the building, were not as effective as ground cooling. In order to objectively assess comfort conditions, this study proposes a different and very simple way of estimating the measure of discomfort associated with overheating.

2

Olśnienie świetlne w obiektach budowlanych

Łozowski Aleksander

Inżynier Budownictwa

|

2022

|

nr 12

67--70

3

Wpływ warunków środowiskowych i niezamierzonej hipotermii śródoperacyjnej na stan pacjenta

Charkowska Anna

Instal

|

2021

|

nr 3

31--36

PL

Warunki środowiskowe (temperatura, wilgotność, prędkość przepływu powietrza, średnia temperatura promieniowania otoczenia) i czynniki indywidualne (aktywność fizyczna, izolacyjność cieplna odzieży) wpływają na wymianę ciepła pomiędzy człowiekiem a otoczeniem. W warunkach równowagi cieplnej pojawia się odczucie komfortu cieplnego, a układ termoregulacyjny organizmu działa prawidłowo. W warunkach, w których dochodzi do upośledzenia mechanizmu termoregulacji, człowiek może być w stanie hipotermii lub hipertermii, zamiast normotermii. Jedna z tych sytuacji (hipotermia) może wystąpić w sali operacyjnej. Znieczulenie, operacja oraz środowisko sali operacyjnej upośledzają fizjologiczne mechanizmy termoregulacyjne organizmu. Niezamierzona hipotermia śródoperacyjna, definiowana jako spadek temperatury wewnętrznej ciała poniżej 36°C, jest najczęstszym powikłaniem opieki okołooperacyjnej. W artykule zwrócono uwagę na zagadnienia związane z występowaniem wychłodzenia operowanego pacjenta, odnosząc się także do warunków środowiskowych w sali operacyjnej, utrzymywanych w wyniku działania systemu wentylacji i klimatyzacji sali operacyjnej.

EN

Environmental conditions (temperature, humidity, air flow velocity, mean radiation temperature) and individual factors (physical activity, clothing insulation) affect the heat exchange between humans and the environment. In thermal balance conditions, a feeling of thermal comfort appears and the body`s thermoregulatory system works properly. In conditions where the thermoregulation mechanism is impaired, a person may be hypothermic or hyperthermic instead of normothermic. One of these situations (hypothermia) can occur in the operating room. Anesthesia, surgery and the operating room environment impair the body’s physiological thermoregulatory mechanisms. Inadvertent perioperative hypothermia, defined as a drop in core body temperature below 36°C, is the most common complication of perioperative care. The article focuses on the issues related to the occurrence of hypothermia of the operated patient, referring also to the indor conditions in the operating room, maintained as a result of the operation of the ventilation and air conditioning system in the operating room.

4

The Impact of Mobile Data Terminal Use on Posture and Low-Back Discomfort When Combined With Simulated Prolonged Driving in Police Cruisers

Gruevski K. M., McKinnon C. D., Dickerson C. R., Callaghan J. P.

International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics

|

2013

|

Vol. 19, No. 3

415--422

EN

The introduction of mobile computing within a constrained vehicle environment has led to changes in the task demands of occupational groups such as professional drivers and law enforcement officers. The purpose of this study was to examine how mobile data terminal (MDT) use interacts with prolonged driving to induce postural changes or low-back discomfort. Eighteen participants (9 male, 9 female) completed two 120-min simulated driving sessions. Time-varying lumbar spine and pelvis postures, seat pan interface pressures and ratings of perceived discomfort were recorded at 15-min intervals. The introduction of a computer interface decreased pelvic posterior rotation by an average of 15° with respect to upright standing and increased peak average discomfort in the neck (5.9 mm), left shoulder (6.8 mm), midback (10.9 mm), low back (10.6 mm) and pelvis (11.5 mm) compared to driving alone. The incorporation of mobile computing warrants consideration in the design of vehicle work environments.

5

Ergonomics Assessment of Composite Ballistic Inserts for Bullet- and Fragment-Proof Vests

Majchrzycka K., Brochocka A., Łuczak A., Łężak K.

International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics

|

2013

|

Vol. 19, No. 3

387--396

EN

Personal protective equipment worn by uniformed services (e.g., the police and the military) must ensure protection against bodily injuries. However, a high degree of protection is always associated with significant discomfort. This article presents the results of an assessment of the ergonomics parameters of new special purpose products, ballistic inserts with improved ballistic resistance, and an assessment of the impact of the burden related to their use on the psychomotor performance of the subjects. An obstacle course and subjective ergonomics assessment questionnaires were used in tests. Thermal discomfort was also assessed. Psychological testing included tests enabling an assessment of the subjects' cognitive and psychomotor performance, and a subjective assessment of mental load. The tests did not show any decrease in the comfort of use of the new inserts with improved ballistic resistance compared to the inserts currently used.

6

Effect of External Load at Varying Hand Positions on Perceived Discomfort

Kee D., Na S., Chung M. K.

International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics

|

2013

|

Vol. 19, No. 3

397--408

EN

The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of external load at varying hand positions on discomfort, and to provide a new classification of external load. An experiment was carried out in which 16 postures with an external load of 0, 1.5, 3 kg were tested. The postures were controlled by 2 independent variables of hand distance and hand height. The subjects were instructed to rate their perceived discomfort with magnitude estimation after holding a given posture for 1 min. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) exhibited that the main effects of the 3 independent variables were statistically significant for discomfort. Discomfort increased linearly with external load and hand distance. Hand height showed a quadratic relation with discomfort, which exhibited a slightly different trend from hand distance and external load. Based on the results, a new classification of external load was proposed with 3 classes grouped by perceived discomfort.

7

Dyskomfort lokalny na stanowisku pracy

Dudkiewicz E., Jeżowiecki J.

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

|

2009

|

Tom 11

751-759

PL

Parametry zmienne, badane standardowo do oceny komfortu cieplnego środowiska wewnętrznego człowieka, to temperatura powietrza wewnętrznego, temperatura promieniowania (średnia temperatura przegród otaczających),wilgotność względna powietrza, prędkość powietrza, aktywność człowieka i izolacyjność cieplna jego odzieży. W przypadku występowania w pomieszczeniu parametrów odbiegających od uznawanych za komfortowe, ludzie mogą odczuwać dyskomfort cieplny, co m.in. powoduje obniżenie wydajności ich pracy. Komfort cieplny człowieka oceniany jest najczęściej za pomocą wskaźników PMV i PPD, opracowanych przez Fangera [3] i dotyczących ciała całego człowieka. Wskaźnik PMV oznacza przewidywaną średnią ocenę komfortu cieplnego, zaś wskaźnik PPD przewidywany odsetek osób niezadowolonych. Pomimo korzystnych wartości wskaźników komfortu cieplnego, człowiek może jednak odczuwać tzw. dyskomfort lokalny, który wywołany może być przez następujące czynniki [4]: przeciąg (rozumiany jako stan opisany w [3]), zmianę temperatury powietrza wraz z wysokością pomieszczenia, zbyt zimną lub ciepłą podłogę, asymetrię promieniowania, czyli występowanie w pomieszczeniu przegród o temperaturze różnej od temperatury powietrza.Norma ISO 7730 [4] podaje sposób wyznaczania wskaźników komfortu oraz sposób obliczania odsetek osób niezadowolonych na podstawie warunków termicznych odczuwanych przez całe ciało i osób odczuwających dyskomfort lokalny.

EN

Maintenance of proper conditions at the work station is of a particular importance as it is proved by results of several different researches saying that in many cases indoor thermal conditions set outside of the recommended range, have an influence on the results of human's work. The paper discusses the human thermal comfort conditions, indoors, with particular focus on the work stations in the large volume halls. The human thermal comfort is usually evaluated by the means of PMV and PPD index. Both of them refer to the entire human body. PMV index describes the predicted mean evaluation of the thermal comfort and PPD index expresses the predicted percentage of dissatisfied persons. Despite favorable values of the thermal comfort indexes, human may however, feel so-called local discomfort, which may be caused by: draft, vertical temperature gradient inside a room, too cold or too warm floor, radiant temperature asymmetry caused by walls with temperature different then temperature of the air. The paper presents the procedure of the comfort indexes determination and also the calculation procedure for the percentage of dissatisfied people, based on the technical conditions sensed by the entire body and persons feeling the local discomfort. The paper includes also the description of the research post designed for the research of thermal conditions at the work station heated with the radiant ceiling panel installed in the high volume room. The research results have been presented with the calculation of radiant temperature and radiant temperature asymmetry. The local discomfort index has been determined as a value derived from the radiant temperature asymmetry. The research results were the basis for the formulation of the rules for the radiant ceiling panel installation over the work station in order to maintain the evenly distributed thermal field.

8

The Relationships Between Biomechanical and Postural Stresses, Musculoskeletal Injury Rates, and Perceived Body Discomfort Experienced by Industrial Workers: A Field Study

Stuebbe P., Genaidy A., Karwowski W., Kwon Y. G., Alhemood A.

International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics

|

2002

|

Vol. 8, No. 2

259--280

EN

A combination of archival, subjective, and observational field data collection methods were used to investigate the relationship between biomechanical and postural stresses, and the resulting physical strain experienced by industrial workers of a packaging plant. Assessment of physical strain was based on the number and incidence rate of Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)-reportable injuries that were recorded over a period of 27 months, and based on the self-reported ratings of perceived body discomfort. Both the biomechanical and postural stresses correlated with the musculoskeletal injury rate. The results illustrate the usefulness of postural and biomechanical analyses for assessing the risk of injury in industry.

9

Combining Psychophysical Measures of Discomfort and Electromyography for the Evaluation of a New Automotive Seating Concept

Kolich M., Taboun S. M.

International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics

|

2002

|

Vol. 8, No. 4

483--496

EN

The purpose of this study was to determine if the advantages and disadvantages of a new automotive seating concept, known as the micro-adjuster control system, could be reliably evaluated using both a physiological assessment technique (i.e., electromyography [EMG]) and a subjective questionnaire. The results indicate that psychophysical measures of discomfort and the root mean squared (RMS) activity of the EMG are statistically related, r (8) = –.788, p=.020. More specifically, subjective perceptions of comfort were found to improve with decreasing levels of muscle activity. This implies that seat comfort can be evaluated on the basis of physiological as well as subjective responses to prolonged driving. This finding should drastically improve automobile seat design efforts.