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EN
Welding production lines are indispensable parts of the production processes in the automotive industry. In many cases, the production line operation is ensured by equipment with linear conveyors or robots, wherein linear guiding systems are basic elements of these manipulators. The failure of some linear guiding system may lead to significant production losses. Hence, the knowledge of their operating loads is necessary to determine very exactly. The objective of this article is to identify and verify the basic dynamic parameters of the welding manipulator, as a starting point for the operating loads calculation of linear guiding systems. This issue was solved by combining the measurement of kinematic values and MBS (Multi-body System) analysis in case of the concrete linear welding manipulator, which was the main part of the observed welding line. We have measured time values of acceleration in defined points of the manipulator and evaluated them by FIR (Finite Impulse Response) filter, FFT (Fast Fourier Transformation) analysis and ODS (Operating Deflection Shapes) analysis. The obtained frequency spectrum showed oscillation frequencies, which could be compared with frequencies of the manipulator dynamical model by different mass and stiffness parameters. In this way, the dynamic parameters of the welding manipulator can be identified and used for the next calculations and simulations, where loads of linear guiding systems will produce very important results.
2
Content available Some effects of wind on ship’s manoeuvrability
EN
All ships experience an air and wind resistance while under way of sea, and they may experience adverse effects on wind while manoeuvring in harbours and limited waterways. The wind resistance is proportional to relative wind speed squared, wind direction and the projected windage area of the ship. The paper describes the effect of wind pressure into the ship’s superstructures and houses on ship manoeuvrability, in the range of the wind speed, for the ship which is with the large windage area. The above is one of the recommended information to be included in the ship’s manoeuvring booklet, as per IMO Resolution A.601(15). In sea practice, the manoeuvring characteristics in wind, as wind forces and moments, course-keeping limitation, and drifting under wind influence are fare from these estimated. The results obtained during the several years of practice in ship’s exploitation are included in this paper.
3
Content available remote Wpływ zjawisk cieplnych na parametry dynamiczne tranzystora IGBT
PL
W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań eksperymentalnych ilustrujących wpływ zjawisk cieplnych na parametry dynamiczne tranzystora IGBT. Zaprezentowano zastosowany układ pomiarowy oraz przedstawiono wyniki pomiarów charakterystyk i parametrów dynamicznych wybranego tranzystora IGBT typu STGF14NC60KD wyprodukowanego przez firmę ST Microelectronics pracującego w różnych warunkach. Przeanalizowano wpływ temperatury otoczenia oraz zjawiska samonagrzewania na przebieg charakterystyk dynamicznych tego tranzystora.
EN
The paper concerns the study on an influence of thermal phenomena on selected parameters of the IGBT. In the paper, the used measurement set-up and the measured waveforms of waveforms of the investigated transistor obtained under different operating conditions are presented. Particulary, the influence of the ambient temperature and the self-heating phenomenon on the shape of these waveforms is discussed.
EN
The paper presents an experimental study to identify the dynamic parameters of a water-filled tank model. The experimental modal analysis approach involving the excitation at one point of the structure and acquisition of vibrations at selected points distributed over the tank surface allowed to determine the resonance frequencies, mode shapes and damping ratios. The main aim of the research was to examine the influence of the level of liquid on the modal parameters. The experimental study showed that the level of water in the tank had an important impact on the values of natural frequencies and damping ratios.
PL
Praca przedstawia badania doświadczalne przeprowadzone w celu identyfikacji parametrów dynamicznych modelu stalowego zbiornika do przechowywania cieczy. Jako techniki badawczej użyto eksperymentalnej analizy modalnej wywołując drgania obciążeniem impulsowym przyłożonym w jednym punkcie konstrukcji i mierząc przyspieszenia drgań w wybranych punktach rozłożonych na powierzchni zbiornika. W badaniach zidentyfikowano częstotliwości drgań własnych, postacie drgań własnych oraz współczynniki tłumienia. Głównym celem pracy była analiza wpływu poziomu cieczy na parametry modalne zbiornika. W pracy wykazano, że stopień napełnienia cieczą znacząco wpływa na częstotliwości drgań własnych oraz współczynniki tłumienia.
PL
W artykule zaprezentowano wyniki badań nowego mostu kolejowego, który został zaprojektowany wg starych polskich norm, a którego analizę dynamiczną przeprowadzono zgodnie z wymaganiami norm europejskich.
EN
The findings of research of new railway bridge have been presented in the paper. This bridge was designed according to the old Polish standards but its dynamic analysis was carried out according to requirements of the European standards.
EN
The demand for enhanced performance of production systems in terms of quality, cost and reliability is ever increasing while, at the same time, there is a demand for shorter design cycles, longer operating life, minimisation of inspection and maintenance needs. Experimental testing and system identification in operational conditions still represent an important technique for monitoring, control and optimization. The term identification refers in the present paper to the extraction of information from experimental data and is used to estimate operational dynamic parameters for machining systems. Such an approach opens up the possibility of monitoring the dynamics of machining systems during operational conditions, and can also be used for control and/or predictive purposes The machining system is considered nonlinear and excited by random loads. Parametric and nonparametric techniques are developed for the identification of the nonlinear machining system and their application is demonstrated both by numerical simulations and in actual machining operations. Discrimination between forced and self-excited vibrations is also presented. The ability of the developed methods to estimate operational dynamic parameters ODPs is presented in practical machining operations.
EN
The collision dynamics model is a vital part in maritime risk analysis. Different models have been introduced since Minorsky first presented collision dynamics model. Lately, increased computing capac-ity has led to development of more sophisticated models. Although the dynamics of ship collisions have been studied and understanding on the affecting factors is increased, there are many assumptions required to com-plete the analysis. The uncertainty in the dynamic parameters due to assumptions is not often considered. In this paper a case study is conducted to show how input models for dynamic parameters affect the results of collision energy calculations and thus probability of an oil spill. The released deformation energy in collision is estimated by the means of the analytical collision dynamics model Zhang presented in his PhD thesis. The case study concerns the sea area between Helsinki and Tallinn where a crossing of two densely trafficked wa-terways is located. Actual traffic data is utilized to obtain realistic encounter scenarios by means of Monte Carlo simulation. Applicability of the compared assumptions is discussed based on the findings of the case study.
PL
W nowoczesnych silnikach spalinowych stosowane są rozrządy krzywkowe o różnej ilości stopni swobody sterowania, zależnie od rodzaju i warunków pracy silnika. Realizacja całkowicie swobodnego sterowania rozrządu wymaga stosowania konstrukcji z dużą liczbą ruchomych elementów. Ich masy powinny być minimalizowane, by zmniejszyć wartości sił uderzeń i zużycia elementów, bez pogarszania własności wytrzymałościowych. Jednym z rozwiązań tego problemu jest użycie elementów ze stopów TiAl. Celem obecnej pracy było oszacowanie zmian dynamiki elementów w wybranym typie rozrządu, po zastosowaniu tytanowych zaworów, miseczek i sprężyn w miejsce stalowych. W artykule przedstawiono model napędu zaworów i uzyskane zależności wzniosu, prędkości i przyspieszenia zaworu w funkcji czasu, prędkości obrotowej obciążenia silnika.
EN
Valvetrains with camshafts and with different degree of control freedom are used in modern combustion engines. Realisation of valvetrain control with fully freedom needs the use of design with many movable elements. Masses of such elements should be minimized, to decrease the values of impact loads and wear for elements, without the decreasing their strength properties. A solution to this problem is to use elements of TiAl alloys. The aim of the present study has been to estimate changes in the dynamics of elements for the selected type of timing, after the application of titanium valves, cups and springs in place of steel. The model for the drive of valves and obtained dependences of valve lift, velocity and acceleration vs. time, speed of the motor load have been presented in the article.
EN
The sensitivity analysis of the influence of dynamic material parameters on the blanking process and quality of the cut was done in Ansys/LS-Dyna program with using explicit method. To describe the properties of sheet-plate being cut, the Cowper-Symonds' equation was used. A Cowper-Symonds' model allows for linear-isotropic, kinematic or mixed plastic strain hardening and the effect of the intensity of plastic strain velocity. The influence of Cowper-Symonds' model parametr's C and P (the material parameters defining the effect of intensity of plastic strain rate) at state of stresses and strains in steel element blanking was presented. Huber-Mises-Hencky's yield criterion and the associated law of material flow was utilised in materials model, described incremental components of Pioli-Kirchhoff s stress tensor and Green-Lagrange's strain tensor. The formation of rollover, burnished, smooth surface, burr and crack initiation and propagation at the shearing region were simulated. For the description of the non-linear phenomena, at the typical increment ratio, the updated Lagrange's description was used. Nonlinearity of the material was described by means of the increment model taking into consideration the deformation and deformation rate records. The condition of the material after pre-machining processes was also taken into account by means of implementation of initial conditions of: displacement, stress, strain and strain rate. The mathematical model was completed by incremental movement equations as well as uniqueness conditions.
10
Content available remote The analysis of dynamics for actuator - valve assembly in camless engine
EN
Nowadays camless inner combustion engines have become an interesting alternative for classic engines with valve timing included the camshafts. The operating conditions for such valve timing differ from analogous conditions for classic valve timing. Some of manufactures provide intensive research on different prototypes of camless engine, i.e. BMW, Valeo. The academic institutions have researched such camless engine either. There are different solutions for actuators of valves in camless engine. They could be electromagnetic, electrohydraulic or even electropneumatic actuators. One of the important problems in such valve timing is controlling of valve actuators. The actuators are controlled by electronic system, which use the signal of actual position of valve from i.e. hallotronic sensors to control the currents in actuator coils. It is critical to know relation between the actual position of valve and the actual position of coil for proper controlling values of current in coil. Values of the electrodynamic forces generated in the actuator are practically linearly proportional to current values in actuator coil. These forces decide of dynamic parameters of valve motion. One of the prototypes of camless engine have been investigated by K. Zbierski in Technical University of Lodz in Poland. The assembly of electromagnetic actuator and valve, used in the mentioned prototype, has been the research object, which has been analysed in this paper. The influence of modification of material for the coil form in actuator upon dynamic parameters, such as: displacement, velocity and acceleration, for elements of assembly has been analysed. The influence of such modification upon stresses and strains in the coil form has been analysed, either. The calculations have been made using the model elaborated with Finite Element Method. The obtained results have shown that influence of elasticity of assembly elements upon relative displacement, velocity and acceleration of valve and coil can be very important for control algorithm for actuator — valve assembly. The resulted stress and strain gradients and the courses of dynamic parameters have been presented in the paper.
11
PL
W pracy przedstawiono model matematyczny łożyska tocznego, który uwzględnia obciążenie statyczne (poprzeczne i wzdłużne), prędkość obrotową i geometryczne wymiary łożyska, a także rodzaj oleju i warunki smarowania. Na podstawie zestawionych zależności wyznaczono na drodze obliczeniowej współczynniki sprężystości i tłumienia dla łożyska 6212. Uzyskane wyniki będą mogły być zastosowane w modelowaniu właściwości dynamicznych układów napędowych lub ich elementów, tj. przekładni zębatych. Ponadto, przedstawiono stanowisko badawcze w sprawie wyznaczania współczynników sprężystości i tłumienia łożysk tocznych oraz ślizgowych na drodze doświadczalnej.
EN
In the paper there was presented a mathematical model of a rolling bearing with regard to several kinematic and exploitation factors. On the basis of this model there were calculated elasticity and damping coefficients for 6212 bearing. It lets arise accuracy of dynamical examinations of bearings and enabled dynamical modeling of drive units i.e. gear trains. Beyond that there was presented a test stand for determination of elasticity and damping coefficients of rolling and slide bearings on the experimental way.
PL
Przedstawiono wyniki symulacji komputerowej stanów dynamicznych pomieszczeń ogrzewanych elektrycznie. Zaproponowano sposób określania wielkości charakterystycznych w oparciu o odpowiedź na wymuszenie skokowe. Pozwala to na określenie stałych czasowych podczas stygnięcia i nagrzewania pomieszczeń, które używane są do opisu właściwości dynamicznych stosowanych w instalacjach ogrzewania elektrycznego układów regulacyjnych. Podano wybrane przykłady obliczeniowe dla pomieszczeń mieszkalnych o typowych powszechnie stosowanych konstrukcjach przegród budowlanych.
EN
The paper presents the results of computer simulations of the dynamical states of electrically heated rooms. The proposed way of describing the parameters values is based on the system step response. This includes determining of the time constant in heating and cooling process of the heated room. Such parameters are used in control systems of the heating installations to describe its dynamic. The selected results, obtained for typical habitable buildings with commonly applied partitions are presented.
13
Content available remote Wpływ sposobu załączania pasma na parametry dynamiczne silnika skokowego
PL
W artykule przedstawiono wyniki wybranych symulacji silnika skokowego przy różnych sposobach dołączania pasma do źródła napięcia.
EN
The article presents results of chosen simulations of a stepper motor when different ways of connecting windings to the power supply were used.
PL
W artykule przedstawiona została propozycja doboru własności dynamicznych celownika tachometrycznego odpowiednio do prędkości lotu zwalczanego celu. Uzyskane na drodze teoretycznej wyniki zostały potwierdzone w badaniach symulacyjnych.
EN
A proposal is presented in the paper for adjusting of tachometric sight dynamic properties to the flight velocity of an engaged target. The theoretically obtained results were confirmed by simulating tests.
15
Content available remote Turbomachinery dynamic properties of the rotor magnetic suspension system
EN
An application of magnetic bearings as a system of the shaft suspension provides supplementary diagnostic capabilities unparalleled in classic solutions. Their application in real turbomachines requires experimental verification of dynamic parameters. In this paper an idea and experimental results aimed at determination of dynamic stiffness and damping of the system are discussed.
PL
W niniejszym artykule omówione zostaną metody identyfikacji dynamiki obiektów mechanicznych poprzez identyfikację ich wartości własnych i wektorów własnych, czyli parametrów modalnych. Tym samym zostaną określone parametry, które w pełni opisują dynamikę, przy pominięciu natury fizycznej wybranej konstrukcji, a więc rozkładu w niej: masy, sztywności czy tłumienia. Parametry te są niezbędne nie tylko na potrzeby badań wytężenia konstrukcji, ale również na potrzeby projektowania układów sterowania jego ruchem podstawowym lub drganiami. Omówione metody można stosować zarówno dla obiektów sterowanych jak i niesterowanych.
EN
A short survey of the identification methods of controlled and non-controIled systems is given in the paper. The plant is replacement by its state observer and the observer Markov parameters are calculated. They are used to derive the open-loop system Markov parameters. The Hankel matrices are formed from these parameters to obtain the system realisation.
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