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1

Modyfikacje ogniw barwnikowych w kierunku poprawy ich sprawności

Schab-Balcerzak Ewa, Gnida Paweł

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

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2023

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R. 99, nr 10

245--248

PL

Artykuł przedstawia wyniki badań dotyczące wpływu przeprowadzonych modyfikacji fotoanody ogniw barwnikowych na ich odpowiedz fotowoltaiczną. Analizowano zależności pomiędzy rodzajem barwnika, koadsorbentów i rozpuszczalnika użytego do przygotowania roztworu barwnika zastosowanego do otrzymania fotoanody oraz obecności i sposobu otrzymania warstwy blokującej na parametry fotowoltaiczne wyznaczone z pomiarów charakterystyk prądowo-napięciowych.

EN

The article presents the results of a study on the impact of the carried out modifications to the photoanode of the dye-sensitized solar cells on their photovoltaic response. The relationships between the type of dye, coadsorbents and solvent applied to prepare the dye solution to obtain the photoanode and the presence and method of preparation the blocking layer on the photovoltaic performance were analyzed using current voltage measurements.

2

Modern third generation solar photovoltaic technology: dye sensitized solar cell

Banne Chiranjeev

Journal of Mechanical and Energy Engineering

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2020

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Vol. 4, No 2

173--178

EN

Depleting conventional energy resources are forcing the world to search for new and renewable energy resources. Solar energy is one of the potent and abundant energy resource .To use the solar energy to its fullest along with conventional technology has specific limitations. These limitations can be eliminated by use of Dye Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC). DSSC can be seen as promising future technology. It is advantageous over Silicon (Si) based Photovoltaic (PV) cell in terms cost, easy manufacturing, stability at higher temperature, aesthetics, etc. Also it works in indoor conditions i.e. diffused sunlight which nearly not feasible with conventional PV cells. Now Research and Development Departments of many countries like Japan, Germany, USA, Switzerland, India, China and many firms like G-Cell, Oxford PV, Sony, TATA-Dyesol are working on DSSC to improve its various aspects so as to make it more applicable in various conditions. The paper will discuss the concept, construction, working of DSSC. Also it will illustrate current applications of DSSC.

3

The Effect of Electrode Immersion Time and Ageing on N719 Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Performance

Krawczak Ewelina, Zdyb Agata

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2020

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Vol. 21, nr 6

53--60

EN

One of the most promising devices belonging to the third generation of photovoltaic technologies is dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC). It can be considered as an economic substitute for the first and second generation of solar cells which provides relatively high conversion efficiency at low cost of material and simple manufacturing. This technology is widely developed nowadays thus it can contribute the meeting of the current and future energy demands. However, much work should be done to increase solar-electricity conversion efficiency of DSSC. It is identified that a crucial component which strongly affects the performance of the working dye-sensitized cell is dye sensitizer used to enhance the light harvesting. The adjustment of the amount of the adsorbed dye by a modification of photoelectrode immersion time in dye solution plays a crucial role. The objective of this study was to report the influence of electrode immersion time on dye-sensitized solar cells performance and to evaluate the stability of obtained cells. DSSC assemblies were prepared in the sandwich way with the working area equal to 0.8 cm2. The impact of various immersion times in N719 dye solution of the TiO2 covered photoelectrodes have been investigated. In the study, the process of encapsulation of the cells with sealant gaskets was enhanced which caused the improvement of the stability and tightness of the obtained DSSC devices. The methodological process adopted in this investigation includes measurements of current-voltage (I-V) characteristics performed right after cell preparation, and after 72 hours to evaluate the role of ageing. The characterization of the obtained solar cells was carried out under standard test conditions (STC; temperature 25°C, irradiance 100 mW/cm2, air mass AM 1.5). On the basis of I-V curves measurements, characteristic operating parameters of the obtained DSSC assemblies such as open circuit voltage (VOC), short circuit current (ISC), and maximum power point (MPP) have been established. The results of this research indicate that the time of electrode immersion in the dye solution affects strongly the DSSC performance. Thus, the control of the stage of the dye adsorption by the TiO2 layer is vitally important.

4

Barwnikowe ogniwa fotowoltaiczne z polielektrolitem

Szindler M., Szindler M.

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

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2018

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R. 94, nr 8

32--34

PL

W ramach pracy dokonano optymalizacji warunków osadzania cienkich warstw polimerowych oraz składu chemicznego nanoszonych roztworów. Zbadano możliwość zastąpienia ciekłego elektrolitu w barwnikowym ogniwie fotowoltaicznym cienką warstwą materiału polimerowego przewodzącego prąd elektryczny. Wytworzono i zbadano serię barwnikowych ogniw fotowoltaicznych o następującej budowie: ITO/TiO2/barwnik/warstwa aktywna/Al oraz standardowe ogniwa barwnikowe DSSC z ciekłym elektrolitem. Wykazano, że w barwnikowym ogniwie fotowoltaicznym ciekły elektrolit można zastąpić cienką warstwą materiału polimerowego z dodatkiem jodku potasu.

EN

The deposition conditions of polymer thin film and the solutions chemical composition were optimized. The possibility of replacing a liquid electrolyte in a photovoltaic cell with a thin film of an electrically conductive polymeric material was investigated. A series of solar photovoltaic cells with the following structure: ITO/TiO2/dye/active layer/Al and standard DSSC with liquid electrolyte was prepared and tested. It has been shown that in a DSSC the liquid electrolyte can be replaced by a thin film of a polymeric material dopped potassium iodide.

5

Fabrication of DSSCs with biebrich scarlet, alizarine cyanine green and evans blue dyes as new organic photosensitizers

Bose S., Genwa K. R.

Materials Science Poland

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2018

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Vol. 36, No. 4

655--661

EN

Dye sensitized solar cells are photoelectrochemical cells mimicking photosynthesis. They represent a new generation of solar cells which is intensively studied nowadays. This cell was fabricated using TiO2 nanoparticles coated on FTO glass, organic dyes as photosensitizer, PEDOT:PSS as counter electrode and iodide-triiodide as electrolyte. The present work aims at the use of low cost new organic dyes viz. biebrich scarlet, alizarine cyanine green and evans blue for DSSC as an alternative to metallic dyes. In the present work, I-V characteristics, energy or power conversion efficiencies of the dyes have been studied in different solvents. The photoelectrochemical properties of the dyes were observed under 1.5 AM condition.

6

ZnO nanocrystalline powder prepared by sol-gel method for photoanode of dye sensitized solar cells application

Szindler M., Szindler M. M., Boryło P.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2018

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Vol. 88, nr 1

12--17

EN

Purpose: The article presents the results of research on ZnO nanopowder prepared using sol-gel method that is the easy process enabling us to control shape and size of particles The purpose of this article is to synthesized ZnO nanostructures by sol-gel method and characterized them for use in dye sensitized solar cells. Design/methodology/approach: Zinc oxide nanopowder was synthesized by using zinc acetate dehydrate as a precursor. The prepared nanopowder has been subjected to structural analysis using a transmission electron microscope (TEM). Scanning Electron Microscopic (SEM) images were taken with a Zeiss Supra 35. Qualitative studies of chemical composition were also performed using the Energy Dispersive Spectrometer (EDS). The structure of zinc oxide was investigated by X-ray crystallography The absorbance of zinc oxide layers with and without dye were measured by Thermo Scientific Evolution 220 spectrophotometer equipped with a xenon lamp in the wavelength range from 190 nm to 1100 nm. Findings: Sol-gel method allows the formation of uniform nanoparticles of zinc oxide. The nanoparticles have been successfully used in photoelectrode of dye sensitized solar cell. The light harvesting efficiency of the electrode it remains in a wide spectral range above 85%, which gives better results than in the case of titanium dioxide. Research limitations/implications: The next step in the research will be to investigate the ZnO/NiO composite on the properties of the photoelectrode of dye sensitized solar cell. Practical implications: he unique properties of produced ZnO nanostructural materials have caused their interest in such fields as medicine, transparent electronics and photovoltaics. Originality/value: The ZnO nanoparticles were prepared using sol-gel method and then effectively used in the photoanode of dye sensitized solar cell.

7

NiO nanoparticles prepared by the sol-gel method for a dye sensitized solar cell applications

Szindler M., Szindler M. M., Dobrzański L. A., Jung T.

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

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2018

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Vol. 92, nr 1

15--21

EN

Purpose: The purpose of this article is to synthesized NiO nanostructures by sol-gel method and characterized them for use in dye sensitized solar cells. For this purpose, a paste prepared from nanoparticles was prepared and screen printed on a glass substrate with the FTO layer. Design/methodology/approach: Nickel oxide nanoparticles was synthesized with participation of nickel (II) nitrate hexahydrate and citric acid. The prepared nanopowder has been subjected to structural analysis using a transmission electron microscope (TEM). Scanning Electron Microscopic (SEM) images were taken with a Zeiss Supra 35. Qualitative studies of chemical composition were also performed using the Energy Dispersive Spectrometer (EDS). The structure of nickel oxide was investigated by X-ray crystallography. An average crystallite size were calculated using Scherrer method and Williamson-Hall analysis. Light harvesting efficiency LHE was calculated from measured absorbance. Findings: The uniform nickel oxide nanoparticles with spherical shape were successfully produced by sol-gel method. The diameter of the as prepared nanoparticles does not exceed 25 nm which is confirmed by the XRD and TEM analysis. The light harvesting efficiency of the electrode in the entire studied range it’s over 90%. Therefore the NiO can be an attractive alternative to the most commonly used TiO2. Research limitations/implications: The next step in the research will be to investigate the ZnO/NiO composite on the properties of the photoelectrode of dye sensitized solar cell. Practical implications: The unique properties of produced NiO nanostructural materials have caused their interest in such fields as medicine, transparent electronics and photovoltaics. Originality/value: The NiO nanoparticles were prepared using sol-gel method and then effectively used in the photoanode of dye sensitized solar cell.

8

Microwave assisted biosynthesis of rice shaped ZnO nanoparticles using Amorphophallus konjac tuber extract and its application in dye sensitized solar cells

Kumar P. N., Sakthivel K., Balasubramanian V.

Materials Science Poland

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2017

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Vol. 35, No. 1

111--119

EN

Rice shaped ZnO nanoparticles have been synthesized for the first time by a biological process using Amorphophallus konjac tuber extract and used as a photoanode in a dye sensitized solar cell. The glucomannan present in aqueous tuber extract acted as a reducing agent in the synthesis process, further it also acted as a template which modified and controlled the shape of the nanoparticles. The synthesized nanoparticles were dried by microwave irradiation followed by annealing at 400 °C. The FESEM and TEM images confirmed that the synthesized ZnO nanoparticles had rice shaped morphology. Furthermore, the X-ray diffraction studies revealed that the prepared ZnO nanoparticles exhibited wurtzite phase with average particle size of 17.9 nm. The UV-Vis spectroscopy studies confirmed the value of band gap energy of biosynthesized ZnO nanoparticles as 3.11 eV. The photoelectrodes for dye sensitized solar cells were prepared with the biosynthesized ZnO nanoparticles using doctor blade method. The photoelectrode was sensitized using the fruit extract of Terminalia catappa, flower extracts of Callistemon citrinus and leaf extracts of Euphorbia pulcherrima. The dye sensitized solar cells were fabricated using the sensitized photoelectrode and their open circuit voltages and short circuit current densities were found to be in the range of 0.45 V to 0.55 V and 5.6 mA/cm2 to 6.8 mA/cm2, respectively. Thus, the photovoltaic performances of all the natural dye sensitized ZnO solar cells show better conversion efficiencies due to the morphology and preparation technique.

9

Fabrication of dye sensitized solar cell using chemically tuned CuO nanoparticles prepared by sol-gel method

Prabhin V. S., Jeyasubramanian K., Romulus N. R., Singh N. N.

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

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2017

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Vol. 83, nr 1

5--9

EN

This work details about the isolation of CuO nanoflakes by a simple precipitation technique. Further it is coated over ITO substrate using spin coating technique. DSS cell capabilities were checked by placing a drop of plant dye derived from pomegranate. Design/methodology/approach: CuO nano flakes, a novel Nano sized metal oxide have been synthesized by sol-gel method. The synthesised flakes were characterized by using XRD (X-ray diffraction), FESEM, UV-VIS and PL measurements techniques. XRD studies show that, the copper oxide formed has monoclinic structure. Findings: The grain size of the synthesized copper oxide nanoflakes were measured from FESEM and found that the size was around 200 nm. The UV-VIS measurement show that the band gap of CuO nanoflakes were found to be 3.03 eV, which is in the range of a good semiconductor. Finally, the dye sensitized solar cell was fabricated and its power conversion efficiency η (PCE) was determined. Practical implications: The search for green sources or generators of energy is considered as one of the priorities in today's society and occupies many policy maker’s agenda. It is believed that nanocrystalline photovoltaic devices are becoming viable contender for large scale future solar energy converters.

10

Characteristics of nanostructure dye-sensitized solar cells using food dyes

Hosseinnezhad M., Rouhani S.

Opto-Electronics Review

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2016

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Vol. 24, No. 1

34--39

EN

Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) were prepared using various food dyes. Food dyes are economically superior to organometallic dyes since they are nontoxic and inexpensive. The spectrophotometric evaluation of chosen food dyes in solution and on a TiO2 substrate show that the dyes form J-aggregation on the photoelectrode substrate. Oxidation of potential measurements for used food dyes ensured an energetically permissible and thermodynamically favorable charge transfer throughout the continuous cycle of a photo-electric conversion. The performance of dye-sensitized solar cells based on food dyes was studied. The results illustrate that the dye containing carboxylic acid and sulfonic acid as the acceptor group gave the maximum conversion efficiency 4.20%.

11

Zastosowanie wybranych barwników organicznych w barwnikowych ogniwach słonecznych

Siedliska K., Zdyb A.

Czasopismo Inżynierii Lądowej, Środowiska i Architektury / Journal of Civil Engineering, Environment and Architecture

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2016

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z. 63, nr 3

413--420

PL

Coraz większe potrzeby energetyczne świata oraz nacisk na aspekty ekologiczne wymuszają poszukiwanie nowych, bardziej efektywnych i tanich sposobów wytwarzania energii elektrycznej, stąd wynika wzrost zainteresowania w ostatnich latach barwnikowymi ogniwami słonecznymi (DSSC – Dye Sensitized Solar Cells). Głównym komponentem takiego ogniwa, który odpowiada za absorbcję promieniowania słonecznego padającego na jego powierzchnię, jest półprzewodząca warstwa nanocząstek TiO2 z zaadsorbowanym na niej barwnikiem. Barwnik działający jako sensybilizator jest adsorbowany na powierzchni ditlenku tytanu, ponieważ powoduje zwiększenie zakresu absorpcji promieniowania słonecznego przez oświetlaną elektrodę. W niniejszej pracy przedstawiono zastosowanie wybranych barwników organicznych (alizaryny, chinizaryny, ktecholu, parabutylokatechiny) oraz dwóch technik wytwarzania warstwy półprzewodzącej nanocząstek TiO2 (nanoszenie z roztworu koloidalnego lub pasty) do budowy ogniw DSSC. Wyznaczono widma absorpcji światła dla poszczególnych barwników i zmierzono sprawności ogniw w zależności od rodzaju zastosowanego barwnika oraz metody wytworzenia warstwy TiO2. Każdy z badanych sensybilizatorów trwale adsorbuje się na nanocząstkach TiO2 w czasie jednej doby. Wykorzystanie danych komponentów do budowy ogniwa pozwoliło na uzyskanie najwyższej sprawności rzędu 0,272% w przypadku elektrody wykonanej z pasty oraz zaadsorbowanego na niej barwnika chinizaryny. Przedstawione w artykule wyniki badań pozwalają stwierdzić zasadność zastosowania wybranych barwników oraz konieczność dalszych badań nad zwiększeniem wydajności ogniw typu DSSC.

EN

Considering the increasing global demand for energy and the harmful ecological impact of the conventional energy sources, it is obvious that development of clean and renewable energy sources is a necessity. Nowadays, dye sensitized solar cells (DSSC) represent one of the most promising methods for future large-scale conversion sunlight into electricity. The main component of DSSC is the semiconducting layer of TiO2 nanoparticles with adsorbed dye, which is responsible for absorption of the solar radiation incidenting on the surface. Sensitizing dye is adsorbed onto the surface of titanium dioxide layer so as to increase the extent of absorption of solar radiation by irradiated electrode. In the following paper, application of four selected organic dyes (alizarin, catechol, quinizarin and 4-tertbutylocatechol) and two techniques of deposition the TiO2 nanoparticles mesoporous layers on conducting glass as electrodes (application from colloidal solution or paste) were studied. The light absorption spectrum was determined for each dye and the efficiency of the cells was measured depending on the type of dye and the deposition method of titanium dioxide conducting layer. Each sensitizer dye was adsorbed on TiO2 surface by dipping in a dye solution for one day. The use of selected components for the cell construction made it possible to achieve the highest efficiencies of 0.272%, which were obtained with electrodes covered by titanium paste and the quinizarin dye. The results of the research presented in the following paper allow to determine the validity of selected dyes and the necessity for further research on the issue of increasing the efficiency of DSSC type cells.

12

Dye-sensitized solar cells with natural dyes extracted from plant seeds

El-Ghamri H S, El-Agez T. M., Taya S. A., Abdel-Latif M S, Batniji A Y

Materials Science Poland

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2014

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Vol. 32, No. 4

547--554

EN

The application of natural dyes extracted from plant seeds in the fabrication of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) has been explored. Ten dyes were extracted from different plant seeds and used as sensitizers for DSSCs. The dyes were characterized using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. DSSCs were prepared using TiO2 and ZnO nanostructured mesoporous films. The highest conversion efficiency of 0.875 % was obtained with an allium cepa (onion) extract-sensitized TiO2 solar cell. The process of TiO2-film sintering was studied and it was found that the sintering procedure significantly affects the response of the cell. The short circuit current of the DSSC was found to be considerably enhanced when the TiO2 semiconducting layer was sintered gradually.

13

Zastosowanie lasera femtosekundowego do modyfikacji fotoelektrody TiO₂ w barwnikowym ogniwie fotowoltaicznym

Klein M., Siuzdak K., Barbucha R., Sawczyk M.

Elektronika : konstrukcje, technologie, zastosowania

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2013

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Vol. 54, nr 5

19-21

PL

W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań dla barwnikowych ogniw fotowoltaicznych, w których złącze półprzezroczysta elektroda przewodząca (TCO)/porowata warstwa ditlenku tytanu zostało zmodyfikowane przy użyciu wiązki lasera femtosekundowego. Przeprowadzone badania charakterystyki prądowo-napięciowej oraz elektrochemicznej spektroskopii impedancyjnej pozwoliły na opisanie wpływu modyfikacji granicy faz na parametry elektryczne urządzeń. Ogniwa słoneczne z fotoelektrodą poddaną działaniu promieniowania laserowego charakteryzują się prawie o 40% mniejszą rezystancją przeniesienia ładunku na granicy faz FTO/ TiO₂, co dalej przekłada się na ok. 40% wzrost wydajności w porównaniu do urządzenia, gdzie nie zastosowano modyfikacji.

EN

In the paper there are presented results of the research on dye-sensitized solar cells, where the interface: semitransparent conductive oxide electrode (TCO)/porous layer of titanium dioxide has been modified using a femtosecond laser radiation. The data obtained from current-voltage characteristics and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy spectra allowed to describe the influence of interfacial modification on the electrical parameters. DSSC with an electrode modified by laser is characterized by almost 40% lower charge transfer resistance at the FT0/TiO₂ interface, which lead to about 40% increase in efficiency in comparison to solar cell with unmodified photoelectrode.

14

Badanie wpływu spawania laserowego złącza TiO2:FTO na rezystancję wewnętrzną oraz sprawność ogniwa słonecznego uczulonego barwnikiem

Klein M., Sawczak M., Zalas M., Barbucha R.

Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Rzeszowskiej. Budownictwo i Inżynieria Środowiska

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2012

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z. 59, nr 2/II/I

381-388

PL

Jednym z parametrów ograniczających sprawność ogniwa jest jego rezystancja wewnętrzna. W przypadku ogniw DSSC znaczącą składową rezystancji wewnętrznej jest rezystancja złącza elektrody TiO2 oraz warstwy przewodzącej FTO odprowadzającej ładunek elektryczny, wynikająca z ograniczonej powierzchni styku porowatej warstwy tlenku tytanu z warstwą FTO. W niniejszej pracy podjęto próbę redukcji rezystancji wewnętrznej oraz poprawy sprawności ogniwa poprzez spawanie laserowe złącza TiO2:FTO. Wykorzystano w tym celu laser impulsowy 355 nm, którym naświetlono całą powierzchnię złącza. Wykorzystując technikę XRD oraz spektroskopię ramanowską zbadano wpływ procesu spawania na strukturę elektrody TiO2. Parametry elektryczne ogniwa określono metodą elektrochemicznej spektroskopii impedancyjnej. Otrzymano prawie 38% wzrost sprawności ogniwa: z eta=0,08 % do eta=0,11 %. Wyznaczono optymalny zakres parametrów procesu spawania.

EN

Poor electrical contact between the titanium-dioxide-nanoparticles layer and a transparent-conductive-oxide electrode builds-up a resistance which is a significant part of the total resistance of the cell. This resistance can be reduced by laser welding of the TiO2:FTO interface which results in simultaneous increase of the efficiency of the cell. The TiO2 film surface was irradiated with a pulsed ultraviolet laser beam at 355 nm. Influence of the welding process on the TiO2 electrode structure were examined using XRD and Raman techniques. Electrical parameters of the cell was determined by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Nearly 38% increase of the cellefficiency: from eta= 0.08% to eta= 0.11% has been achieved.