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A novel method for calculating greenhouse gas emissions from the combustion of energy fuels

Iliev Iliya Krastev, Beloev Hristo Kvanov, Ilieva Diana Ivanova, Badur Janusz

Archives of Thermodynamics

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2022

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Vol. 43, no 4

3--20

EN

An analysis of the methods used in Bulgaria for estimating CO2, SO2 and dust emissions has been conducted. The first methodology, which is officially used by all energy auditors at the Agency for Sustainable Energy Development targets the energy efficiency of combustion devices installed mainly at industrial enterprises. The second methodology, used by the Ministry of Environment and Water, is more comprehensive and can be applied to thermal power plants, small combustion plants as well as industrial systems. In recent years, many projects related to energy efficiency and renewable energy projects, including hydrogen technologies, which require an assessment of reduced greenhouse gas emissions, have been implemented as a priority. The use of reliable and accurate methods is essential in the assessment of greenhouse emissions. A novel methodology, based on stoichiometric equations of the combustion process for solid, liquid and gaseous fuels has been proposed and comprised. This novel methodology is characterized by higher precision compared to the methods currently in place and this is achieved through calculating emissions from the combustion of energy fuels accounting for the full elemental composition of the fuel and its heating value, whereas the current commonly applied methods use only the fuel type and the carbon content. A further benefit of the proposed methodology is the ability to estimate emissions of fuels for which there is no alternative method for calculating CO2, SO2 and dust. Results of emission calculations according to the analysed methods are presented. Finally, a comparative analysis between the presented methodologies including an assessment of their accuracy and universal applicability has been made.

2

Ograniczenie emisji szkodliwych substancji pochodzących z kotłów małej mocy poprzez podawanie substancji aktywnych w strumieniu pary

Gaze Błażej, Romański Leszek

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2020

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T. 99, nr 3

462--466

PL

Opracowano koncepcję ograniczenia emisji szkodliwych substancji powstających podczas procesów spalania biomasy w kotle małej mocy. Koncepcja opierała się na podawaniu do komory spalania substancji aktywnych z wykorzystaniem sprężonej pary wody destylowanej. Wykonano analizę techniczną i elementarną paliwa. Zbadano wpływ poszczególnych wariantów na zmiany temperatury w komorze spalania. Rejestrowano zmiany składu chemicznego spalin oraz zmiany zawartości pyłów zawieszonych. Określono procentowe stopnie zmniejszenia ilości zanieczyszczeń w obszarze emisji CO, NOx i PM.

EN

To limit the emission of harmful substances during biomass combustion in a low-power boiler, some active substances were added to compressed steam produced by evaporation of water and introduced to the combustion chamber. Tech. and elemental anal. of the fuel was carried out. Changes in the chem. compn. of exhaust gases and in content of suspended dust were recorded. The redn. of the CO, NOx and dust emissions were detd. The best results were achieved when Cr, Ce and Cu oxides were used as active additives.

3

Analysis of Gas and Dust Emissions From the Mining and Quarrying Sector in the European Union Countries

Tutak Magdalena

Multidisciplinary Aspects of Production Engineering

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2020

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Vol. 3, Iss. 1

71--82

EN

Despite the ongoing changes in the energy and economic structure of the European Union countries, mineral and energy resources such as hard coal, brown coal, natural gas, copper ores, zinc ores and many other minerals continue to be extracted. Each year, the mining and extraction sector emits thousands of tons of harmful substances into the atmosphere, in the form of greenhouse and other air-polluting gases, as well as harmful dusts. These substances include, amongst others, carbon dioxide, methane, carbon monoxide, as well as PM2.5 and PM10. The European Union climate policy clearly recommends that the exploitation of mineral resources be carried out in full respect of the principles of their rational, economical and environmentally neutral acquisition, which is confirmed by the promoted strategy of sustainable development economy. Therefore, this means the necessity to undertake actions aimed at limiting the emission of greenhouse gases and air pollutants into the atmosphere. To assess the actions taken by the European Union countries to date with respect to limiting those emissions, a comparative analysis was carried out for the particular countries. This analysis encompassed the emission of harmful substances from the mining and quarrying sector by the European Union countries in the years 2008 and 2017. The purpose of the analysis was to show the diversity of those countries in terms of the emission of harmful gases and dusts, as well as to divide them into similar groups. Such a division paves the way for developing a common climate policy and exchanging experiences between the countries from the particular groups. The European Union countries were divided into similar groups using the k-means grouping method. Comparison was also made for the emissions of the substances under analysis for the particular countries over the research years. The results obtained unequivocally demonstrate that this emission has been limited in the European Union, but there are countries where the emission of certain substances has increased.

4

Particulate Matter in Atmospheric Air in Urban Agglomeration

Marczak H.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2017

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Vol. 18, nr 3

149--155

EN

The study aimed to determine the mass concentration of PM10 in the air in urban area. The specific objective of the research was to analyze and assess the impact of transport road emissions on the level of concentration of particulate matter in the atmosphere in the Lublin agglomeration. The measuring points were located in places at different distances from the communications emission sources and, at the same time, possibly varying degrees of air pollution dust. Measuring the concentration of dust at the measuring points was performed using an indirect method using a laser photometer. In the research point which was not under direct influence of a heavy traffic road dust levels lower by 10.5% to 65.4% than in the vicinity of the transport route were reported. Small particle air pollution at all the points covered by the study increased significantly during the heating season. Based on the comparison of the obtained values of PM10 concentrations with legal standards, it was found that the air pollution exceeded the limits in all measurement points only during a series of measurements in the months of November-December. The recorded increase in air pollution during the heating season should be associated with an increased dust emissions in this period from the “low” emitters – local house boilers and detached houses.

5

Effective Methods for Reclamation of Area Sources of Dust Emission

Danilov A., Smirnov Y., Korelskiy D.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2017

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Vol. 18, nr 5

1--7

EN

This article presents the results of the Shared equipment Center’s work in the field of developing new methods for reclamation of dumps and waste storage sites, including methods for restoring the bioproductivity of clay soils, increasing the fertility of low-fertility soils, or potentially fertile soils, while increasing the protection of reclaimed lands from wind erosion.

6

External costs of dust and gas environmental loads in rail transport of aggregates

Kolanek C., Zajac P.

Archives of Transport System Telematics

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2015

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Vol. 8, iss. 2

33--36

EN

According to experts, passenger and goods transport is essential for the economic growth and prosperity of each society. Every transport system burdens the environment, using the dedi-cated infrastructure and its resources. The contemporary means of transport use the environ-ment to generate propulsion energy (directly in combustion engines or indirectly in electric power plants). Rail transport is considered to be environment-friendly owing to its low exter-nal costs, which include the costs of the consequences of discharging gases and/or dusts into the atmosphere. The aim of this research was to identify the components of rail transport costs borne by the orderer of a transport service and by the electric power plant supplying the rail-way with electricity, on the basis of a case study of the transport of aggregate. Calculations showed the share of such costs in transport costs (in the considered case) to be marginal. In the light of this finding the definition of external costs is critically evaluated.

7

Emisja pyłów ze spalania węgla kamiennego z ciepłowni o mocy nominalnej mniejszej niż 50 MW w świetle obowiązujących standardów emisyjnych

Stala-Szlugaj K.

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

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2013

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Tom 15, cz. 2

1689--1704

EN

The thermal energy generation plant sector is quiet dispersed and heat generation market in Poland is regional. Half of demand for thermal power is generated in licensed heat-generating plants. The most numerous groups are sources with heat generation capacity lower than 50 MW. In the years of 2007–2011 their average share in general number of licensed heat generation plants amounted to 62%. In 2011 the total number of enterprises classified to this group amounted to 272. According to the installed thermal energy generation capacity, the average share of those companies amounted to about 14%. In 2011 the total thermal energy generation capacity installed in this group amounted to 5 443 MW. Hard coal is one of main fuel used in heat and warm water production in Poland. In consideration of pointed rules of dust emission coming from hard coal combustion, author look at it trough the quality parameters of hard coal. What value of hard coal calorific value (Q) and ash content (A) can abide standards of dust emission oblige in 2013–2016. Dust emission factor (WEpył) was calculated using an empirical formula. For the analysis the author has chosen hard coal with 18 000–28 000 kJ/kg of calorific value and 5–23% of ash content. There was an assumption, that combustion is held in stoker fired boilers (with or without mechanical stoker). The smoker fired boilers are mainly operated in local or industrial heat generating plants. Results of calculations were presented in tables. These tables can be helpful when someone want to estimated dust emission factor from combustion hard coal with specified quality parameters: calorific value (Q) and ash content (A). Since 2016 standards of dust emission will be more restrictive. The dust emission standards for the heat generation plant with thermal power lower than 50 MW will be lower than 100 mg/Nm3. Required effectiveness of dust removal in these plants for dust emission factor lower than 100 mg/Nm3 was calculated and results of calculations were presented in tables.