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1

Violations of social regulation and traffic accidents in road freight transport

Poliak Miloš, Beňuš Ján, Lǎzǎroiu George

Archiwum Motoryzacji

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2022

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Vol. 97, nr 3

51--59

EN

The aim of the work is to analyze violations of social regulation in road freight transport and to propose solutions to prevent these violations. In the first part, we devoted ourselves to the processing of knowledge about road freight transport based on the legislation of the European Union, which is directly oriented to the conditions for the operator of road freight transport with vehicles over 3.5-tons of total weight. Since compliance with the rules also comes with their violations, it is also necessary to consider the traffic accident rate in road freight transport, we specifically identified and compared the traffic accident rate in road freight transport based on traffic accident statistics published on the website of the Ministry of the Interior. In the second part, we gradually processed and evaluated a questionnaire survey, which consisted of questions focused on the violation of social legislation by drivers. In the final part of the work, based on the analysis from the first part of the work and the results from the questionnaire survey in the second part, we proposed solutions to prevent the most frequent violations of social legislation by drivers and carriers.

2

50 percentile dummy movement analysis using TEMA Automotive software

Podosek Krzysztof, Frej Damian, Górniak Aleksander, Nica Elvira

Archiwum Motoryzacji

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2022

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Vol. 97, nr 3

25--50

EN

The dynamic loads acting on passengers during road accidents depend not only on the vehicle structure, but also on the properties of the applied passenger and driver protection system. Two-point seat belts are the most frequently used personal protection system for adult passengers in bus vehicles. The paper investigates the thread of dynamic loads acting on the body of a 50 percentile dummy placed in an armchair equipped with two-point seat belts. In order to solve this problem, tests recorded with the Phantom v310 camera were used, the object of which was the Hybrid II 50th dummy, and the recording of the tests was carried out for three different collision speeds. The article presents the results of the crash tests obtained with the use of the TEMA Automotive program. Crash test analysis showing the displacement of the head and upper torso of the dummy located in the limited space between the bus-type seats indicates that standard seat belts do not provide sufficient protection. The article indicates the basis for further research and improvement of the personal protection system of passengers transported in minibuses and buses.

3

Evaluation of the effect of muscle forces implementation on the behavior of a dummy during a head-on collision

Sybilski Kamil, Mazurkiewicz Łukasz, Jurkojć Jacek, Michnik Robert, Małachowski Jerzy

Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics

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2021

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Vol. 23, no. 4

137--147

EN

Purpose: The aim of this study was to develop a method to implement muscle forces to a numerical model of a dummy and to evaluate the effect of muscle activation on driver behavior during a frontal collision. The authors focused on the forces acting at the knee, hip, and elbow joints. Methods: The authors carried out torque measurements in joints using the Biodex System 4. Then, the previously developed numerical models were modified by introducing the joint torque values. Moments of force were introduced as a function of the rotation angle. During research, numerical simulations were carried out in three stages: in the first stage, a full vehicle crash was analyzed to determine the change of velocity of the vehicle interior; in the second stage, subsidence of the system was realized; in the third stage, a frontal crash was simulated. The models considered the operation of the sensors, airbag and seat belt tensioning system. Results: A numerical model with the active response of the dummy to the change in position during impact was developed. The results of the dynamic analysis were used to analyze the impact of muscle activation on dummy behavior. The change in shoulders rotation angle, the lateral and vertical displacement of the dummy’s center of gravity, and the forces acting between the dummy and the seat belt were compared. Conclusions: The effect of muscle action on the behavior of a dummy during a frontal collision was determined.

4

Experimental verification of the use of dummies for tests in empirical research

Więckowski D.

Journal of KONES

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2017

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Vol. 24, No. 1

357--362

EN

The issues related to the use of test dummies for experimental research in the field of automotive engineering have been addressed. The article discusses the historical introduction and development of the dummies in the biomechanical tests, which have contributed to the replacement of, previously conducted tests on corpses or volunteers. The evolution of dummies development Evolution of the dummies construction development to the present times has been presented. Question was raised: what is the “similarity” between the dummy living human being. Contemporary dummies reflect very well features of the human body are made of good quality materials and can be equipped with numerous sensors performing various measurements. Comparative empirical tests carried out with an adult dummy and a living adult of similar parameters such as: size (weight and height) body proportions have been presented. The impact of vibrations on the human occupant riding a motor vehicle was examined, with road tests being carried out of realized driving on various road surfaces within that work and with the data recorded being analysed in the time domain and frequency domain. In the time domain, time histories of the accelerations recorded were analysed and the root-mean-square (RMS) acceleration values were calculated. In the frequency domain, the power spectral density (PSD) values and the absolute transmittance (amplification) values were determined for the acceleration signals recorded. The analysis of the measurement results for the ability to absorb vibration by living human being and the dummy has been done. The differences and similarities between the living human subject and the test dummy have been presented from the point of view of utilizing such subjects for experimental tests.

5

Analysis and assessment of dynamic response to passengers during lift emergency braking

Magiera T., Kułaga P., Wójcik K.

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2017

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Vol. 11, no 3

164--171

EN

The paper presents an analysis and assessment of recorded accelerations acting on Hybrid III dummy during emergency braking of a passenger lift. The dummy was equipped with a system of three-axis accelerometers. The type of progressive safety gear that has the shortest time of reaction and the shortest effective braking distance in its group, was chosen for tests. The tests were carried out on an emplacement, which simulated the movement of passenger lift. Tests of emergency braking were performed at variable load of a cabin corresponding to the mass of different passengers number. The cabin was dispelled by the gravity force using its free-fall. During the braking, the values of accelerations effected on individual parts of dummy, were measured. Based on them and using HIC and Nij indexes, the impact of temporary accelerations on passenger’s health was determined.

6

The assessment of the influence of selected passive safety systems on the level of dynamic loads of soldiers during collision

Hryciów Z.

Journal of KONES

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2013

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Vol. 20, No. 3

161--168

EN

The work describes chosen problem connected with using of armoured personnel carriers (APC) in the frame of military operations. The soldiers inside the APC are exposed to dynamic loads and shock which are, among other things, an effect of collision with other vehicle or terrain obstacles. In military vehicles, which design is based on a rigid frame or integral body, there is no technical solution to mitigate the effects of a crash. The only applicable means of protection against the effects of collisions are lap belts and helmet designed to protect the head. Preliminary research shows that this kind of equipment is not sufficient. In the work an assessment of the influence of chosen solutions of safety belts and helmets on dynamic loads of carrier’s crew during collision with a rigid obstacle are presented. In simulation researches the HYBRID III dummies models have been used and calculations were carried out in LS-DYNA system. The work shows the numeric test results. Behaviour of the dummies during the impact on both the driver and crew member were presented. To assess a risk of injury standard indicators of crash test were used, including: maximum value of the head acceleration and the maximum values of the forces and moments in the neck. The distributions of these parameters were presented. The assessment of applied passive safety systems was made from the point of view of treat to soldiers inside a carrier.

7

Experimental researches of dynamic loads of armoured personnel carrier and its crew during collision with rigid obstacle and all - terrain vehicle

Borkowski W., Hryciów Z., Rybak P., Wysocki J., Wiśniewski A.

Journal of KONES

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2013

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Vol. 20, No. 3

71--78

EN

The paper presents problems related to dynamic loads of armoured personnel carriers design as well as soldiers located inside them. During tactical operation, there is often the need for ramming other vehicles or terrain obstacles in order to provide road possibility. The lack in armoured vehicles, commonly used in cars crumple zones, will result in large values of accelerations. This can cause significant risk to the crews of vehicles. In order to assess the exposure of soldiers while overcoming terrain and engineering obstacles experimental studies were performed covering a carrier’s collision with a rigid barrier and ramming of all-terrain vehicle. In the paper the research conditions and used measurement equipment were described. A four-wheel SKOT personnel carrier and Tarpan Honker car, out of service, was used for the tests. The tests were carried out within the area of the Military Institute for Armoured and Automotive Technology in Sulejówek. During crash tests, anthropomorphic measurement equipment – Hybrid III 50th Male Dummy type – was used for recording the values of loads affecting the soldiers. The article presents some results of experimental studies. The values of the carrier’s body accelerations in driver’s and landing troop compartment were compared as well as dynamic loads of test dummies. The results obtained during vehicle ramming prove that these types of actions do not cause serious threats for the members of the carrier crew.

8

Analysis of dynamic loads of the armoured personnel carrier crew during frontal crash

Hryciów Z.

Journal of KONES

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2012

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Vol. 19, No. 4

223-230

EN

The work describes chosen problem connected with using of armoured personnel carriers (APC) in the frame of stabilisation and peacekeeping mission. The new type of tasks appears: ramming obstacles such as fences, entry gates, light engineering obstacles and also pushing other vehicles aside the road in order to obtain trafficability. The main threat in such situation is a risk of serious injury of soldiers inside vehicle. The lack of a crumple zone increases a value of acceleration acting on the crew. In the work models of driver and crew member seats used in the APC were showed. To the tests a Hybrid III 50th male dummy model in a seated position were used, which is a good representation of the average population of men. To the modelling LS-DYNA software was applied. The work shows the numeric test results. Behaviour of the dummies during the impact on both the driver and crew member were presented. To assess a risk of injury standard indicators of crash test were used, including: maximum value of the head acceleration, the criterion HIC and the maximum values of the forces and moments in the neck. The distributions of these parameters were presented. Results of simulation indicated that velocity and location of dummies has large influence on levels of dynamic loads. To further research is proposed to take into consideration models of dummy with additional equipment of soldiers (e.g. a helmet, a weapon, a bullet-proof jacket).

9

Numerical analysis of a lightarmoured vehicular personnel carrier loaded with a mine oried explosion on a human transported in it

Panowicz R., Barnat W., Sybilski K., Niezgoda T.

Journal of KONES

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2010

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Vol. 17, No. 3

355-360

EN

The armedforces involvement in stabilization operations conducted either in Europe (Kosovo) or in Africa (Iraq) or in Asia (Afghanistan) caused uncovering of weak points of the used equipment which was not constructed for the purpose of partisan war. This fact resulted in equipment modernisation in the form of additional armouring and protection against mines and improvised explosive devise as well as in NATO adopting the standards determining the protection level assuring by the given vehicle. The most popular military standard in the scope of ballistic protection against the pressure wave coming from a mine or improvised explosive device detonation is standard NATO -STANAG 4569. This standard determines to a great degree also the charge size and position. Civil solutions are based not on the evaluation of the vehicle destruction level but on the evaluation of some parameters determining the injuries of the human moving in a vehicle which had an accident. These parameters will be used to evaluate the injuries of the human moving in a lightarmoured vehicular personnel carrier which is subjected to the influence of wave pressure wave coming from the detonation of a mine or improvised explosive device. The finite elements model of a dummy Hybrid III 95% Male and Ls-Dyna software will be used for this purpose. There will be considered the complex model in which there is not only a human and vehicle model but also a charge, air and ground.

10

Calibration of the new human thorax model for low impact loading rates

Awrejcewicz J., Łuczak B.

Journal of KONES

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2007

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Vol. 14, No. 1

7-13

EN

The experimental rig has been developed in order to perform more detailed investigation of the human rib cage responses and injuries subject to impact loads and to validate numerical results published recently by the authors. The construction of experimental rig has been based on Hybrid III thorax calibration test stand. Thorax model has been established with impact velocities ranging between 1-3 m/s and impactor mass of 23 kg. In the experimental rig a rigid disk initiated by energy of a spring has been used as an impactor. Force-deflection, force-time and deflection-time histories have been obtained and monitored. They define the human thorax response to the given impact conditions. Particularly the Kroell experimental rig, design of the thorax module for the different type of ATD, the design novel thorax module , the ATD thorax module positioning for calibration procedure, the rig investigative dynamics of the thorax results of the central impact into the model of the thorax are presented in the paper. Designed and constructed rig for experimental research of the dynamics of the thorax makes possible execution of many tests for different load screenplays. There are possible tests over a wide range speeds, at the different mass and shape. Thanks to fastening impactor on the variable height, is possible the analysis impacts into different areas of the thorax.

PL

Stanowisko badawcze dotyczące dynamiki klatki piersiowej zostało zaprojektowane i zbudowane w celu analizy odpowiedzi oryginalnej konstrukcji modułu klatki piersiowej na uderzenie oraz w celu weryfikacji wyników numerycznych otrzymanych przez autorów. Projekt stanowiska został oparty na konstrukcji stanowiska do kalibracji modułu klatki piersiowej manekina HYBRID III. Model klatki piersiowej został obciążony siłami pochodzącymi od uderzenia płaskiego dysku o masie 23 kg i prędkości zmienianej w zakresie 1-3 m/s. Podczas uderzenia zostały zarejestrowane krzywe siła-ugięcie, siła-czas oraz ugięcie-czas, które określają odpowiedź dynamiczną klatki piersiowej. W szczególności stanowisko Kroella, konstrukcja modułu klatki piersiowej dla różnego typu manekinów, Konstrukcja nowego modułu klatki piersiowej, pozycjonowanie manekina do badań biozgodności modułu klatki piersiowej, stanowisko badawcze dynamiki klatki piersiowej, wyniki uderzenia centralnego w model klatki piersiowej są zaprezentowane w artykule. Zaprojektowane i zbudowane stanowisko do badań eksperymentalnych dynamiki klatki piersiowej umożliwia przeprowadzenie wielu prób dla różnych scenariuszy obciążeń. Możliwe są próby w szerokim zakresie prędkości, przy różnej masie impaktora możliwa jest również zmiana samego kształtu impaktora. Dzięki mocowaniu impaktora na zmiennej wysokości, możliwa jest analiza uderzeń w różne rejony klatki piersiowej.