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EN
The as-cast microstructure of ductile cast iron (DI) was investigated using light microscopy (LM) and SEM techniques. Further the influence of hot plastic extrusion at 1000°C with plastic strain in the range of 20-60-80% on the transformation of the as-cast microstructure and on the mechanical properties was studied. Besides this, the microstructure of DI subjected to hot extrusion after the fracture of the corresponding samples induced by compression tests was thoroughly investigated. It was found that compression had a dramatic influence on a shear deformation and hence shear fracture of the compressed samples. It was shown that the shear fracture of the hot deformed ductile iron is accompanied by the occurrence of a narrow zone of severe plastic deformation. The fracture surfaces of the extruded samples subjected to the tensile tests and the compression tests were examined.
PL
Praca obejmuje analizę możliwości wykorzystania rur wodociągowych i kanalizacyjnych pozostałych po wybudowaniu odcinka sieci, pod kątem gospodarki obiegu zamkniętego. Przenalizowano materiały używane do budowy: • wodociągu: żeliwo sferoidalne oraz polietylen, • kanalizacji: kamionka oraz poliwęglan. Na podstawie projektów istniejących już sieci na terenie Warszawy ustalono, jaka ilość materiału pozostanie po wybudowania rurociągu z danego materiału oraz w jaki sposób można wykorzystać materiał pozostały po budowie w ramach GOZ. Przenalizowano możliwość wykorzystania materiału w branży budowlanej oraz zweryfikowano zastosowanie biorąc pod uwagę w szerszym aspekcie gospodarki.
EN
The work includes an analysis of the possibility of using water and sewage pipes remaining after the construction of a network section, in terms of a closed-loop economy. The analysed materials used for the construction were: • water mains: ductile cast iron and polyethylene, • sewerage: stoneware and polycarbonate. Based on designs of existing networks in Warsaw, it was determined how much material would remain after a pipeline was built using a given material and how the material remaining after construction could be used within the framework of GOZ. The possibility of using the material in the construction industry was analysed and its application in a wider aspect of the economy was verified.
EN
The article discusses benefits associated with the use of silicon carbide in the process of melting gray cast iron and ductile cast iron in induction electric furnaces. It presents the analysis of the impact of various charge materials and the addition of a variable amount of SiC and FeSi to the fixed charge when melting cast iron of grades GJS 400-15 and GJS 500-7 on mechanical properties and microstructure. Moreover, the article includes an analysis of the efficiency of carburization and the increase in the content of silicon during the application of SiC. The article also presents the results of the study of primary modification using silicon carbide at the minimum temperature of Temin eutectic and Tsol solidus. Based on analysis of the literature, conducted research, and calculations, it was found that the addition of silicon carbide has a beneficial impact on the properties of melted cast iron. The addition of SiC in the charge increases the content of C and Si without increasing the amount of contaminations. The addition of SiC at reduced pig iron presence in the charge decreases production costs, while the use of SiC as an inoculant increases both Temin and Tsol, which is beneficial from the point of view of cast iron nucleation.
EN
The aim of the research was to determine the effect of the primary quality of reclaim from dry mechanical reclamation on the strength properties and service life of moulding sands based on this reclaim. Another aim was to establish the effect of the quality of reclaim, sulphur content - in particular, on the surface quality and thickness of the deformed surface layer in ductile iron castings. The research has revealed differences in the strength parameters and service life (mouldability) of sands based on the tested reclaims, depending on the type of the furfuryl resin used, including resins whose synthesis was done as part of the Żywfur project. Examinations of the structure of the surface layer of test castings poured in moulds made of loose self-hardening sands containing the addition of reclaim have confirmed the occurrence of degenerated spheroidal graphite in this part of the casting. It should be noted here that when massive castings with a long solidification time are made, the graphite degeneration effect can be more visible and the layer with the changed structure can increase in thickness. The research has clearly shown that it is necessary to control the parameters of the reclaim, including sulphur content which is transferred from the hardener and accumulates on the grains. This phenomenon has a negative impact not only on the sand strength and technological properties but also on the surface layer of castings.
EN
In many application fields, thin-walled ductile iron castings can compete with castings made from aluminium alloys thanks as their show superior mechanical properties higher stiffness, vibrations damping as well as properties at higher temperatures. As problematic criterion in thin-walled cast-iron castings can be seen the graphitization ability and high sensitivity of the structure and the mechanical properties to the solidification rate. The tests were curried on plate castings with wall thicknesses of 3, 5, and 8 mm, using inoculants based on FeSi70 with different contents of nucleation-active elements as aluminium, calcium, zirconium and magnesium. The inoculation was made by the in-mould method. In the experiments structures were achieved, differing by the graphite dispersity, structure and mechanical properties. The experiments have proved particularly a high sensitivity of the structure and the mechanical properties to the cooling rate of the sample castings. The influence of the inoculant type is less important than the influence of solidification rate.
EN
The article presents the results of research and work related to the implementation of the research and development project POIR.01.01.01-00-0120/17 co-financed by the EU, through the NCBR, entitled: Innovative technology using thermal analysis, TDA, of self-feeding manufacturing of high-quality cast iron to produce new generation, enhanced performance casts. In many foundries, thermal derivative analysis (TDA) is used in addition to chemical analysis to evaluate the physical and chemical properties of an alloy while it is still in the melting furnace or ladle and before it is poured into the mold. This fact makes it possible to improve the metallurgical quality of the alloy by introducing alloying additives, carburizers or modifiers into the furnace as part of the pre-modification or primary or secondary modification in the ladle or when pouring into molds. Foundry machinery (modifier dosing systems and spheroidizing station) is very important in these operations. Only the full synergy of modern equipment with modern technology ensures high quality and repeatability of the casting process. The article mainly discusses the obtained parameters of TDA analysis (with the use of the ITACA system) at different stages of melting and how to improve them by using modern and fully automated dosing systems (Itaca OptiDose, ItacaWire and ItacaStream). Special attention was paid to the minimum temperature of the eutectoid. The change of its value after the modification process, its influence on the quality of the melted metal, a very strong correlation with the number of nuclei and the number of graphite precipitations in the casts were shown.
EN
The complex metallurgical interrelationships in the production of ductile cast iron can lead to enormous differences in graphite formation and local microstructure by small variations during production. Artificial intelligence algorithms were used to describe graphite formation, which is influenced by a variety of metallurgical parameters. Moreover, complex physical relationships in the formation of graphite morphology are also controlled by boundary conditions of processing, the effect of which can hardly be assessed in everyday foundry operations. The influence of relevant input parameters can be predetermined using artificial intelligence based on conditions and patterns that occur simultaneously. By predicting the local graphite formation, measures to stabilise production were defined and thereby the accuracy of structure simulations improved. In course of this work, the most important dominating variables, from initial charging to final casting, were compiled and analysed with the help of statistical regression methods to predict the nodularity of graphite spheres. We compared the accuracy of the prediction by using Linear Regression, Gaussian Process Regression, Regression Trees, Boosted Trees, Support Vector Machines, Shallow Neural Networks and Deep Neural Networks. As input parameters we used 45 characteristics of the production process consisting of the basic information including the composition of the charge, the overheating time, the type of melting vessel, the type of the inoculant, the fading, and the solidification time. Additionally, the data of several thermal analysis, oxygen activity measurements and the final chemical analysis were included. Initial programme designs using machine learning algorithms based on neural networks achieved encouraging results. To improve the degree of accuracy, this algorithm was subsequently adapted and refined for the nodularity of graphite.
8
Content available remote Guidelines for the manufacture of heavy ductile iron castings
EN
This study is devoted to the analysis of the impact that the basic constituents of ductile iron (carbon and silicon) and spheroidising treatment combined with inoculation exert on the final properties of heavy ductile iron castings. To evaluate the possibility of the application of ductile iron technology in the manufacture of castings for wind power plants, simulations were conducted on cast hubs of the rotor blades for wind turbines. For this type of product, it is necessary to produce castings characterised by a ferritic matrix (over 90% ferrite) and to reduce the amount of pearlite and graphite to a minimum, both of which are considered as the main structural constituents that affect the casting properties. The key guidelines for the manufacture of heavy castings from ductile iron, wind turbines included, were discussed, with particular emphasis placed on the process of spheroidising treatment and inoculation, both of which are aimed at producing in the structure of castings a spheroidal graphite of a size from 5 to 12 mm (class V to VI) and a ferritic structure in an amount exceeding 90%. This article is the result of the work done by Krakodlew S.A to implement research project No. POIG 01.04.00-12-116/12, supported by the National Centre for Research and Development and financed by the European Regional Development Fund, measure 1.4 POIG (Execution of industrial research and development in the company Krakodlew S.A., 2014).
PL
W pracy przedstawiono analizę zarówno wpływu podstawowych pierwiastków żeliwa sferoidalnego, takich jak węgiel i krzem, jak i procesów sferoidyzacji oraz modyfikacji na końcowe właściwości ciężkich odlewów z żeliwa sferoidalnego. Do oceny możliwości wykorzystania technologii do wykonywania odlewów w energetyce wiatrowej przeprowadzono badania symulacyjne odlewu piasty śmigła wirnika w elektrowni wiatrowej. Dla tego typu wyrobów zachodzi konieczność otrzymania odlewów o strukturze ferrytycznej (powyżej 90% ferrytu) i ograniczenia do minimum ilości perlitu oraz grafitu jako kluczowych składników strukturalnych mających wpływ na właściwości odlewów. Omówiono założenia wykonywania ciężkich odlewów z żeliwa sferoidalnego, w tym dla elektrowni wiatrowych, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem procesów sferoidyzacji i modyfikacji, które mają zmierzać do osiągnięcia w strukturze odlewu grafitu kulkowego o wymiarach 5 do 12 mm (klasa V do VI) oraz struktury ferrytycznej powyżej 90%. Artykuł powstał w wyniku realizacji przez Krakodlew S.A. projektu badawczego nr POIG 01.04.00-12-116/12, objętego wsparciem Narodowego Centrum Badań i Rozwoju, finansowanego ze środków Europejskiego Funduszu Rozwoju Regionalnego, działanie 1.4 POIG.
EN
In the present work, different Cu-alloyed model ductile irons with ferritic (0%Cu-0.09%Mn), mixed ferritic-pearlitic (0.38%Cu-0.40%Mn) and pearlitic (0.69%Cu-0.63%Mn) microstructure were produced and analyzed in terms of their electrochemical corrosion behavior in a 3.5wt.%NaCl aqueous solution containing naturally dissolved oxygen at room temperature (25°C). The remaining elements such as Si and Mg were kept at balanced levels in an attempt to minimize variations in graphite size and distribution among different samples. The corrosion resistance was evaluated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and potentiodynamic polarization. Microstructure analysis of the cast alloys confirmed similarity in the graphite morphology among the different cast samples and the expected variations in the metallic matrix. In the absence of passivation, it was found that the addition of copper led to an increase in corrosion resistance, which could be attested by higher values polarization resistance and corrosion potential.
PL
W niniejszym artykule przedstawiono system wodociągowy, który służy do zaopatrywania w wodę mieszkańców oraz zakładów produkcyjnych w jednostkach osadniczych. Opisano także zalety i wady materiałów dotychczas stosowanych do budowy sieci wodociągowych. Przedstawiono również innowacyjny system rur BLUTOP z żeliwa sferoidalnego dedykowany dla systemów wodociągowych o małym zakresie średnic.
EN
This article presents a water supply system that is used to supply residents in settlement units and production plants in water. The advantages and disadvantages of materials used in the construction of water supply networks have also been described. Also presented is an innovative system of BLUTOP pipes made of ductile iron dedicated for water systems with a small diameter range.
PL
Odlewy z żeliwa sferoidalnego znajdują szerokie zastosowanie w wielu gałęziach przemysłu ze względu na swoje właściwości mechaniczne. Wytwarzanie tego gatunku materiału wymaga utrzymania reżimu technologicznego oraz czystości materiału wyjściowego. Z tego powodu stale rozwijane są metody wytwarzania oraz kontroli tego materiału. W niniejszej publikacji przedstawiona została nowa metoda sferoidyzacji i modyfikacji żeliwa w formie. Innowacją tej metody jest zastosowanie specjalnie opracowanej konstrukcji komory, w której zachodzi reakcja uszlachetniania żeliwa. W artykule przedstawione zostały przeprowadzone badania symulacyjne, mające na celu analizę profilu przepływającego ciekłego metalu w zadanej konstrukcji. Następnie wprowadzone zostały zmiany geometrii komory, celem optymalizacji jej kształtu oraz powtórnie wykonano analizę w tożsamych warunkach brzegowych. Wynikiem badań jest opracowanie konstrukcji, która zapewni odpowiedni charakter przepływu pozwalający na uzyskanie dobrej jakości żeliwa i odlewów z żeliwa sferoidalnego w formie odlewniczej.
EN
Ductile iron castings are widely used in many industrial branches because of their mechanical properties. The production process of such a grade of cast iron requires the maintenance of the technological regime and the purity of initial charge material. For this reason, methods of manufacturing and controlling materials are constantly being developed. This publication presents a new method of modification and spheroidization in the mould. The innovation of this method is the use of specially developed construction of the reaction chamber. Simulation studies were conducted to analyze the flow profile of liquid metal in the developed shapes of the chamber. Subsequently, the changes in the geometry of the chamber were made and analyzed under the same boundary conditions. The result of the study is the designation of a structure that will provide the appropriate flow characteristics to achieve good quality castings.
12
Content available remote Bezwykopowa budowa wodociągów w Bydgoszczy i Gdańsku
PL
Bezwykopowa budowa podziemnej infrastruktury, choć nadal niejednokrotnie wzbudza duże zainteresowanie osób spoza branży, staje się normą, szczególnie, jeśli prace budowlane trzeba przeprowadzić w terenach o gęstej zabudowie, pod ciągami komunikacyjnymi czy przeszkodami naturalnymi. Tak też było w Bydgoszczy i Gdańsku, gdzie do budowy wodociągów zastosowano metodę horyzontalnych przewiertów sterowanych i zainstalowano rury z żeliwa sferoidalnego.
EN
The excellent property combination of thin wall ductile iron castings (TWDI), including thin wall alloyed cast iron (e.g. austenitic TWDI) has opened new horizons for cast iron to replace steel castings and forgings in many engineering applications with considerable cost benefits. TWDI is considered as a potential material for the preparation of light castings with good mechanical and utility properties, the cost of which is relatively low. In this study, unalloyed and high Ni-alloyed (25% Ni) spheroidal graphite cast iron, with an austenitic metallic matrix were investigated. The research was conducted for thin-walled iron castings with 2, 3 and 5mm wall thickness, using different mould temperature (20°C, and 160°C) to achieve various cooling rates. The metallographic examinations i.e. characteristic of graphite nodules, metallic matrix, and primary grains of austenite dendrites (in high-nickel NTWDI) and mechanical properties were investigated. The study shows that homogeneity of the casting structure of thin-walled castings varies when changing the wall thickness and mould temperature. Finally, mechanical properties of thin-walled ductile iron castings with ferritic-pearlitic and austenitic metallic matrix have been shown.
EN
The conducted work shows and confirms how thermal analysis of grey and ductile iron is an important source for calculating metallurgical data to be used as input to increase the precision in simulation of cooling and solidification of cast iron. The aim with the methodology is to achieve a higher quality in the prediction of macro– and micro porosity in castings. As comparison objects standard type of sampling cups for thermal analysis (solidification module M ≈ 0.6 cm) is used. The results from thermal analysis elaborated with the ATAS MetStar system are evaluated parallel with the material quality (including tendency to external and internal defects) of the tested specimen. Significant temperatures and calculated quality parameters are evaluated in the ATAS MetStar system and used as input to calibrate the density curve as temperature function in NovaFlow&Solid simulation system. The modified data are imported to the NovaFlow&Solid simulation system and compared with real results.
PL
W niniejszej pracy zaprezentowano metodę eksperymentalnej weryfikacji wyników symulacji numerycznej MES procesu toczenia żeliwa sferoidalnego. We wstępie wyszczególniono czynniki wpływające na efekt końcowy symulacji MES, powodujących konieczność eksperymentalnej weryfikacji badań symulacyjnych. Zaprezentowano metodę weryfikacji otrzymanych wyników symulacji poprzez badania eksperymentalne z użyciem przygotowanego w tym celu stanowiska. Dokonano wzajemnego porównania wyników otrzymanych dla symulacji i eksperymentu oraz sformułowano wnioski końcowe.
EN
The article presents a method of experimental verification of the results of an FEM oblique turning simulation of ductile cast iron. In the introduction, factors affecting the outcomes of FEM simulations are listed, along with their description. A need for experimental validation due to the effect of those factors was stated. The research stand and FEM simulation procedure were explained. Next, experiment and simulation results were presented. The article is concluded with a comparison of obtained results and final conclusions.
PL
Technologia otrzymywania żeliwa sferoidalnego powoduje wydzielenie się grafitu w postaci kulek. Kształt ten w najmniejszym stopniu oddziałuje na obniżenie właściwości mechanicznych żeliwa sferoidalnego. Jego wytrzymałość w głównej mierze zależy od osnowy, zatem od składu chemicznego, kinetyki krzepnięcia i technologii obróbki cieplnej. W niniejszej pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań mikrotwardości i twardości, wyniki badań metalograficznych oraz analizy termicznej dla odlewów cienkościennych z żeliwa sferoidalnego o różnej zawartości niklu. Badania miały na celu określenie wpływu zawartości niklu na strukturę i właściwości żeliwa sferoidalnego w odlewach cienkościennych. W ramach badań założono uzyskanie żeliwa sferoidalnego zawierającego 0,001; 1; 10 oraz 24% Ni. Wykazano, że nikiel stabilizuje austenit. Przy zawartości niklu wynoszącej 24% osiągnięto całkowicie austenityczną osnowę, dla zawartości niklu wynoszącej 10% w osnowie tworzy się martenzyt, wskutek czego znacznie wzrasta twardość żeliwa. Dla niskich zawartości w żeliwie nikiel wykazuje działanie perlitotwórcze.
EN
In the technology of ductile iron manufacture, graphite precipitates take the form of spheroids, and this shape has the least harmful effect on cast iron mechanical properties. The strength of ductile iron depends mainly on its matrix, and hence on the chemical composition, solidification kinetics and heat treatment technology. This article presents the results of micro-hardness and hardness measurements, and the results of metallographic examinations and thermal analysis carried out on thin-walled ductile iron castings with varying nickel content. The main aim of the research was to determine the effect of nickel content on structure and properties of ductile iron in thin-walled castings. To achieve the goal, ductile iron containing 0.001; 1.0; 10 and 24% Ni was manufactured. It has been shown that nickel stabilizes austenite. With the nickel content of 24%, a completely austenitic matrix was obtained, the addition of 10% Ni to the matrix produced martensite, considerably increasing the cast iron hardness. Low content of this additive had a pearlite-forming effect.
PL
CADI (Carbidic ADI) – ausferrytyczne żeliwo sferoidalne z węglikami – jest stosunkowo nowym materiałem inżynierskim wykazującym doskonałą odporność na zużycie ścierne i dostateczną udarność. W niniejszej pracy przebadano wpływ dwustopniowego hartowania izotermicznego na wybrane właściwości żeliwa typu CADI. Dwie partie próbek poddano austenityzacji w 900°C przez 60 min. Następnie pierwszą partię poddano konwencjonalnemu jednostopniowemu hartowaniu izotermicznemu w 4 różnych temperaturach kąpieli solnej: 300, 330, 360 i 390°C przez 120 minut. Drugą partię natomiast poddano dwustopniowemu hartowaniu, początkowo przez 10 min w kąpieli solnej o temperaturze 260°C, a następnie w drugiej kąpieli solnej o temperaturze 300, 330, 360 i 390°C przez 120 min. Uzyskane wyniki pokazują, że w porównaniu z konwencjonalną obróbką cieplną dwustopniowy proces ausferrytyzacji poprawia udarność i odporność na ścieranie żeliwa CADI.
EN
CADI (Carbidic ADI) – ausferritic ductile iron containing carbides – is a relatively new engineering material which exhibits excellent wear resistance and adequate impact strength. In this work the influence of two-step austempering process on selected properties of CADI cast iron was examined. Two batches of samples were initially austenitized at 900°C for 60 min. The first batch of the samples was austempered conventionally by single-step process in a salt bath at 4 different temperatures: 300, 330, 360 and 390°C for 120 min. The second batch was processed by twostep austempering process, first in a salt bath at 260°C for 10 min and subsequently in second salt bath at temperatures 300, 330, 360 and 390°C for 120 min. Results show that two-step austempering process improves impact strength and wear resistance of CADI compared to conventional heat treatment process.
18
PL
Badania jakości przewodów żeliwnych dostarczanych na duże place budowy są istotne z uwagi na ich trwałość i funkcjonalność. Jednakże interpretacja tych badań nastręcza trudności. Dlatego w artykule omówiono doświadczenia autorów w zakresie trudności w interpretacji zdjęć pęknięć pomiędzy warstewkami rdzy powstałej na ścianach przewodów żeliwnych w czasie ich wyżarzania oraz przedstawiono argumenty przemawiające za tym, że lepiej jest prowadzić badania wytrzymałościowe na prostokątnych próbkach wyciętych podłużnie ze ściany przewodów, niż na próbkach o przekroju kołowym.
EN
The quality tests of ductile iron pipes delivered to large construction sites are important for the pipes durability and functionality. However, the interpretation of those tests is found to be difficult. In a present paper, the authors' experience in the interpreting of crack pictures between the layers of rust, formed on the walls of cast iron pipes during annealing has been discussed. There are indications that it would be better to carry out the strength tests on rectangular samples, cut out lengthwise from the pipe wall, instead on the tensile samples with a circular cross-section.
PL
Pomimo powszechnego dążenia do produkowania coraz lżejszych, tańszych i wytrzymalszych komponentów ze stopów metali lekkich oraz tytanu, to żeliwo jest nadal materiałem dość powszechnie wykorzystywanym w branży mechanicznej, jak również w przemyśle motoryzacyjnym. Produkowane z niego są głownie korpusy elementów układu przeniesienia napędu jak również części wykorzystywane w oprzyrządowaniu silnika. Masowy charakter produkcji w branży motoryzacyjnej wpływa natomiast na konieczność zapewnienia dużej wydajności objętościowej procesu skrawania. W literaturze światowej jest wiele pozycji dotyczących doboru technologicznych para-metrów obróbki przy wysokowydajnym skrawaniu, stali, stopów metali lekkich oraz tytanu. Natomiast w przypadku żeliw takie prace stanowią ułamek procenta publikowanych obecnie prac. Stąd w oparciu o zapotrzebowanie zaspokojenia potrzeb przemysłu oraz chęci poznawczych zespołu badawczego, podjęto się tematyki badań doświadczalnych, których wyniki zostały opisane w poniższym artykule. Celem realizowanych badań było określenie możliwości wykorzystania jednego narzędzia do obróbki zgrubnej i wykończeniowej uwzględniając jedynie możliwości zmiany technologicznych parametrów obróbki dwóch zabiegów zintegrowanych w jednej operacji.
EN
Despite the widespread desire to produce lighter, cheaper and more durable components from light metal alloys and titanium, cast iron is still a material widely used in the mechanical industry as well as in the automotive industry. The parts used in the engine's instrumentation are mainly produced from it. However, the mass nature of production in the automotive industry affects the need to ensure high volume efficiency of the cutting process. In the world science literature there are many items regarding the selection of technological machining parameters for high-performance machining, steel, light metal alloys and titanium. In the case of cast irons, such works constitute a fraction of a percentage of the currently published works. Therefore, on the basis of the demand to meet the industry's needs and the cognitive intentions of the research team, the subject of experimental research was carried out and the results of which were described in the following article. The aim of the research was to determine the possibility of using one tool for roughing and finishing machining, taking into account only the possibility of changing the technological parameters of processing two treatments integrated in one operation.
EN
An intentional change in material properties is an important condition for castings production. It is one way how to meet the casting requirements of how to adapt the material properties to the operating conditions. Centrifugally cast rolls are multi-layer rollers, castings. The working layer of the barrel is called the "shell" and the body of the roll and the necks rolls are called "core". The article deals with the influence of the properties of the core iron. Earlier laboratory experiments were primary analysed for metallographic analysis and mechanical properties. These data were compared back to the experiments. The results of these laboratory working were later applied in the operating conditions of the roll foundry Vítkovitcké slévárny, spol. s r.o. The spun cast roll produced with the applied metallurgical processing change was supplied to the hot strip mill. There were monitored the positive effect of the change of the metallurgical process of the production of the core iron on the useful properties of the centrifugally cast roll. The experiment was done in order to increase the mechanical properties of ductile pearlite ductile iron. The copper in these core iron material increases the hardness and strength primarily.
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