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1 2025

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Optimisation of optical frequency comb (OFC) generation using advanced modulation techniques : A comparative analysis

Jeyapiriya K, Baskaran M

Opto-Electronics Review

2025

Vol. 33, No. 4

art. no. e155903

Optical frequency combs (OFCs) have transformed metrology, optical communications, and high-precision spectroscopic applications. OFC technology has advanced quickly over the last 20 years, placing it at the forefront of optical engineering and laser research. High-quality and stable OFCs are produced using sophisticated modulation techniques that effectively mould the comb spectral properties. Four important modulation strategies for OFC generation are compared in this study: Mach-Zehnder modulation (MZM), frequency modulation (FM), phase modulation (PM), and polarisation modulation (PolM). Two important factors of OFC namely, comb flatness and the number of lines generated are used to assess these modulators performance. The results of experiments and simulations show the benefits and drawbacks of each method and offer guidance on their optimal use in various optical systems. The results of this study provide a detailed understanding of the optimisation of OFC generation, which will aid in the creation of next-generation optical communication and sensor systems. Also, the various applications of OFC are discussed in the last section of this study.