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Drzwi z ornamentem snycerskim w architekturze średniowiecznej na Śląsku

Legendziewicz A.

Architectus

2002

Nr 1(11)

51--60

Zagadnienie średniowiecznej stolarki, w kontekście rozwoju architektury europejskiej, stanowi jeden z ciekawszych obszarów badawczych. Bogactwo form i detali, wpisanych w zmiany epok stylowych, tworzy bogatą mozaiką elementów wypełniających dostojne wejścia romańskich i go-tyckich budowli. Wiele katedr, kościołów, ratuszy i zamków, uznanych za wybitne osiągnięcia myśli ludzkiej, swój indywidualizm zawdzięczająunikatowemu detalowi wnętrz, także drzwiom, będącym integralnym elementem portali. Pośród wielu zachowanych przykładów, oprócz zamknięć metalowych, niewielką acz interesującą grupę stanowią drzwi drewniane, zdobione elementami snycerskimi. Możemy je podzielić na dwie grupy formowania awersu: - drzwi opierzane listwami drewnianymi (i nakładanymi elementami rzeźbionymi), - drzwi z ornamentami snycerskimi.

The subject of mediaeval wood-carving in the context of development of European architecture, is one of the more important areas of investigation. The richness of forms and details imprinted in the changes of style periods, creates an ample mosaic of elements filling the stately entrances of Romanesque and Gothic buildings. Amongst many preserved examples, wooden doors decorated with wood-carving elements, constitute a group, not large but interesting. We may divide them into two groups of the forming of the door obverse: - doors decorated with wooden strips (and imposed carved elements), - doors with wood-carving elements. The origin of form of both groups of wooden doors is rooted in antique art. The porch door of the Santa Sabina Church in Rome may be considered as one of the oldest examples. It was made of cedar wood around the year 430. In the Middle Ages these patterns were copied, referring to outstanding antique prototypes. In the Church of St. Mary on the Capitol in Cologne, there is a door made around 1065, with scenes from the life of Jesus of Nazareth. In Africa, due to advantageous climatic conditions, there is a certain amount of wooden door wings with lattice work of rectangular arrangement. One of the oldest, from Bawuit in Sudan, comes from the 9lh century. The motif of imposing the strips of wood in an arrangement of similar lattice work, appears fairly often in Gothic architecture of Western Europe: in France - the doors of churches in Grannat (14lh century) or Beaune (15lh century), in Italy - the Church of Santa Anastasia in Verona, or in Germany - the door in the church called St. Lorenzkirche in Nurnberg, or the church door wings in Sterzing. In Poland, doors decorated with wooden strips may be found mainly in Pomorze (Pomerania) and in the area of the former State of the Teutonic Knights' Order - in Malbork (Złota Brama -the Golden Gate), also church portals in Gdańsk and Toruń. Only three doors covered with wood-carving motifs have been found in the region of Silesia. From literature we know of two, no longer existing, door wings decorated with wooden strips, from the Church of St. Jerzy (George) in Oleśnica and the parish church in Świdnica. The double-winged door of the parish church in Kłodzko is located in a richly profiled portal with a post. We may assume, that the construction of a doubled portal together with the wings, took place at the same time as the completion of the Garden of Olives chapel, around 1482. In this arrangement, both wings are placed almost symmetrically, however, with differently shaped motifs of wood-carving ornaments. In the east wall of the Hall of Councillors of the Town Hall in Świdnica, in the portal leading to the archives, there was a wooden door with an obverse in the arrangement of two casements. Sculptured motifs with a panel containing the names of the four Evangelists (from the bottom: Lucas, Johannes, Marcus, Mateus), were placed in the centre. We may assume, that the construction of the door should be linked with the rebuilding completion of the Town Hall, around 1536. As may be seen from the examples presented, the wood-carving ornament may not be often found in Gothic entrances, both in Silesia as well as in Poland. The unique artistic and historic value of the door wings in Kłodzko has already been appreciated by architecture researchers at the turn of the 19,h and 20lh century, especially by Bodo von Ebhardt, who during works carried out in the castle of Grodziec used a similar motif for door decoration.