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An analysis of influential factors associated with rural crashes in a developing country: a case study of Iran

Sheykhfard Abbas, Haghighi Farshidreza, Abbasalipoor Reza

Archives of Transport

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2022

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Vol. 63, iss. 3

53--65

EN

Road traffic deaths continue to rise, reaching 1.35 million in recent years. Road traffic injuries are the eighth leading cause of death for people of all ages. Note that there is a wide difference in the crash rate between developed and developing countries and that developed countries report much lower crash rates than developing and underdeveloped countries. World Health Organization reports that over 80% of fatal road crashes occur in developing countries, while developed countries account for about 7% of the total. The rate of road crashes in developing countries is higher than the global average, despite some measures reducing deaths over the last decade. Numerous studies have been carried out on the safety of urban roads. However, comprehensive research evaluating influential factors associated with rural crashes in developing countries is still neglected. Therefore, it is crucial to understand how factors influence the severity of rural road crashes. In the present study, rural roads in Mazandaran province were considered a case study. The Crash data collected from the Iranian Legal Medicine Organization covers 2018 to 2021, including 2047 rural crashes. Dependent variables were classified as damage crashes and injury-fatal crashes. Besides, independent variables such as driver specifications, crash specifications, environment specifications, traffic specifications, and geometrical road specifications were considered parameters. The logit model data indicate that factors associated with driver and crash specifications influence rural crashes. The type of crashes is the most critical factor influencing the severity of crashes, on which the fatal rate depends. The findings suggested that implementing solutions that minimize the effect of the factors associated with injury and death on rural roads can reduce the severity of crashes on rural roads that share the same safety issues as the case study. Further studies can also be conducted on the safety and mechanics of the vehicle by focusing the research on the types of vehicles and the sources of the damage.

2

Analiza porównawcza budowy sieci kanalizacyjnej na terenach wiejskich metodą bezwykopową i wykopową

Zawiła Wojciech, Piechurski Florian G.

Rynek Instalacyjny

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2021

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Nr 5

21--28

PL

Decydującymi czynnikami wpływającymi na wysokość kosztorysowych cen budowy sieci kanalizacyjnej są zastosowane technologie i użyte materiały, koszty robót ziemnych i nawierzchniowych oraz zajęcia pasa drogowego. Metody wykopowe cechują stosunkowo niskie koszty montażu oraz zakupu materiałów, jednak metody odtworzeniowe pochłaniają od 40 do 70% kosztów realizowanego zadania. W przypadku technologii bezwykopowych koszty odtworzenia spadają do minimum i dotyczą tylko miejsc, w których prowadzone są roboty ziemne służące do wbudowania studni na kolektorach oraz wykonania dróg technologicznych. Minusem technologii przewiertu sterowanego mimo uzyskanego dobrego efektu finansowego jest niewielkie dotychczasowe zastosowanie tej metody przy budowie sieci kanalizacyjnych i ryzyko nieuzyskania liniowości spadków na wierconych odcinkach. Mikrotuneling jest najdroższą z analizowanych technologii z powodu wysokich kosztów wykonania wiercenia oraz zakupu rur. Ale ma on znaczną przewagę pod względem jakości wykonania i daje gwarancję wykonania kanałów o właściwych spadkach bez odkształceń w poziomie oraz pionie względem projektowanej trasy. Stosowanie technik wykopowych na terenach wiejskich, z niską jakością infrastruktury drogowej i zwartą zabudową mieszkaniową przy drogach, wiąże się ze sporą uciążliwość społeczną, ale efektem jest droga, która przewyższa standardem stan wyjściowy - w przypadku obszarów niedoinwestowanych może to być traktowane jako atut. Z pewnością uzasadnione jest stosowanie technologii bezwykopowych w miejscach o dużej urbanizacji oraz rozwiniętej infrastrukturze. Na obszarach wiejskich zastosowanie technologii bezwykopowych jest zasadne np. przy przekraczaniu torowisk, gdy nie ma możliwości wykonywania robót metodą wykopową.

EN

When comparing the cost estimate prices for the construction of the sewage network, the decisive factors influencing their amount are the technologies used, the material used for their construction, earthworks, surface works and the costs of using the road lane. Excavation methods have relatively low costs of assembly and purchase of materials, but restoration methods consume 40 to 70% of the costs of the performed task. Reconstruction costs in the case of trenchless technologies are dropped to a minimum and only apply to places where earthworks were carried out for building wells on collectors and for the construction of technological roads. The downside of the controlled drilling technology, despite the good financial effect achieved, is the limited use of this method in the construction of sewage networks so far, the linearity of slopes on the drilled sections may not be achieved. Microtunnelling, which is the most expensive technology in this analysis, owes its position to high drilling prices and the costs of purchasing pipes for trenchless technology. This technology has a significant advantage in the quality of workmanship, which guarantees the execution of channels with proper slopes without horizontal and vertical deformations in relation to the planned route. Rural areas with terrible road infrastructure and dense housing development by roads, during the use of excavation techniques, have considerable social nuisance, but their reconstruction is achieved, which, after completion, exceeds the standard that was before the investment. Which in the case of underinvested rural areas can be regarded as an advantage. The use of trenchless technologies in places with high urbanization and developed underground infrastructure of cities is certainly justified. When used in rural areas, the use of trenchless technologies is appropriate, e.g. when crossing railway tracks where it is not possible to perform works using the excavation method.

3

Design optimal rural road network using GIS

Modinpuroju A., Prasad C.

Archives of Transport

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2017

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Vol. 41, iss. 1

63--71

EN

To have an effective development among the isolated, remote areas, rural transportation is recognized as a key factor. Efficient rural transportation depends largely on a well-knit road network to provide accessibility and mobility in rural areas. This work affords an applied method for the development of rural road networks in rural areas of developing countries. The proposed methodology enables to determine nodal points in the rural road network based on the facility index of the settlements. The rural road network is generated by connecting the nodal points by minimum travel time path in Geographical Information System (GIS). Spatial analysis is carried out in the study area to identify the Desirable Coverage Distance of the Facility(DCDF). The Village Facility Index (VFI) is calculated by considering the desirable coverage distance. The suggested methodology is simple and practical, hence, highly applicable to real-world scenarios, as demonstrated in the definition of the road network for the rural areas.