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1

Effect of proline and humic acid application in salinity stress mitigation on some vegetables in hydroponics

Abd-Elhakim Ahmed I.

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2023

|

no. 56

142--152

EN

The research aimed to find suitable solutions to reduce the salinity stress of irrigation water for some types of vegetables in hydroponics under two drip and mist irrigation systems. The different concentrations of NaCl for irrigation water, are 500, 1000, 2000, 3000, and 4000 ppm used. Proline (30 mg∙dm -3), humic acid (300 mg∙dm -3) and compared without any from them were used to study their effect on the yield, and water use efficiency. The results indicated that the highest spinach and courgette yield (4.657 and 5.153 kg∙m -2) was observed for the DP500 treatment, and the lowest yield (0.348 and 0.634 kg∙m -2) was observed for the SW4000 treatment, respectively. The use of humic acid led to an increased yield on average by about 16.8 and 19.3% for spinach, and 39.4 and 51.7% for courgette, under drip and mist irrigation, respectively. Using proline led to an increased average yield of about 32.9 and 33% for spinach, and 51.8 and 58.4% for courgette, under drip and mist irrigation, respectively. The highest water use efficiency (WUE) of spinach and courgette (43.1 and 51.5 kg∙m -3) was observed for the DP500 treatment, and the lowest (3.2 and 6.3 kg∙m -3) was observed for the SW4000 treatment. According to our study, the use of proline and humic acid could compensate for the adverse effects of salinity under mist spraying more than drip irrigation.

2

The Effect of Internet of Things Based Drip Fertilization System with Cultivation Model on Harvest Results and Quality of Red Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. Crispa)

Noerhayati Eko, Mardiyani Siti Asmaniyah, Mustika Soraya Norma

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

|

2023

|

Vol. 24, iss. 9

326--336

EN

Plants on the land quickly wilt and perish due to the extended dry season, severe temperatures, heat, and glaring sunlight. This issue has impacted red lettuce, which has commercial value and high marketing prospects. Providing plants with water and fertilizer during the dry season must be efficient and exact. Excess fertilizer application pollutes the environment. In the dry season, drip irrigation with IoT-based liquid fertilizer distribution is projected to save water and fertilizer due to low discharge and high frequency. The study’s goal is to provide effective autonomous distribution of water and fertilizer to red lettuce plants in order to achieve precision environmentally friendly agriculture. A split-plot design with a main plot and subplots was used to structure the research. Each treatment in one replication contained 5 plant samples, for a total of 60 plants in this study, with weekly watering and fertilization. The findings show that an IoT-based automatic water supply and drip fertilization system can precisely regulate the distribution of water and fertilizer to red lettuce plants, thereby improving water efficiency, farmer energy efficiency, and environmental friendliness.

3

Soil moisture distribution pattern of surface drip irrigated mango

Soomro Shoukat Ali, Mirjat Muhammad Saffar, Mangrio Munir Ahmed, Talpur Mashooque Ali

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2022

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no. 53

158--163

EN

At present, Pakistan has been facing acute shortage of irrigation water and farmers have been Rusing conventional irrigation methods for orchards, such as flood and basin irrigation, thus wasting huge amount of fresk water. Therefore, it is necessary to find efficient irrigation methods to cope with this major burning issue. The micro drip irrigation method is considered efficient but in the case of mango orchards there is a problem of irrigation frequency, number of emitters, and duration of flow from emitters to meet water demand. Considering the above, an experiment was conducted in the experimental field of the Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, by installing the drip system with two circular peripheries of lateral lines in clay loam soil covering the entire canopy of a mature mango tree. The radius of the first and second periphery around the tree trunk was 100 cm and 150 cm, respectively. Four emitters with 4 dm3∙h-1 discharge of individual dipper were fixed in each periphery. Emitters were tested for six different irrigation times, i.e. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 h, to observe the moisture distribution pattern. Hydraulic characteristics, such as density, field capacity, porosity, infiltration rate, available water and permanent wilting point (PWP), were determined using standard methods (1.4 g∙cm-3, 33%, 49%, 8 mm∙h-1, 12.41% and 20% respectively). The texture class of the soil profile was determined as clay loam at the soil depth 0-120 cm. Fifty soil samples were collected at 0-10, 10-30, 30-60, 60-90, and 90-120 cm depths and at 0-20, 20-40, 40-60, 60-80 and 80-100 cm distances on two opposite sides of emitters. The emitters provided sufficient moisture up to field capacity in clay loam soil with flow duration of 4 h. The maximum moisture distribution efficiency was 77.89% with flow duration of 4 h at vertical depth of 0-120 cm and 0-100 cm distance horizontally among four emitters as compared to 1, 2, 3 h flow duration which under irrigated the canopy area and 5, 6 h flow duration which excessively irrigated the canopy area of the mango tree. The water demand of the mango tree was met by 4 h flow duration which provided adequate moisture to the entire canopy up to 120 cm depth in the root zone and water saving was calculated as 15.91% under the installed drip irrigation system as compared with the conventional (basin) irrigation method.

4

Application of drip irrigation for cotton farming in Central Asia: The case of Turkmenistan

Kulmedov Begmyrat, Shcherbakov Vladimir I.

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2022

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no. 52

119--123

EN

The main purpose of this study is to determine the optimum water consumption for achieving water savings and obtaining good yields in cotton production, which has been expanding in Central Asia and Turkmenistan since the 1960s. In the last few decades, water resources in the region have been difficult to access, due to the expansion of agricultural activity and population growth. The oscillation of the amount of water released from dams of the Amudarya River to obtain energy for the upper countries in the winter season has been causing crises in countries of Central Asia. An experiment was carried out in an agricultural field at a cotton research centre in the Yolöten district of Turkmenistan. The experiment led to the observation that it is possible to achieve higher efficiency and lower water consumption in cotton production. At the same time, the water savings that can be achieved as a result of using the drip irrigation method in cotton production throughout the country have been calculated. The calculations have provided the basis for recommending irrigation as a solution to the problems in question.

5

Water productivity under deficit irrigation using onion as indicator crop

Tadesse Kassahun B., Hagos Eyasu Y., Tafesse Nata T., Dinka Megersa O.

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2020

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no. 45

171--178

EN

Improving water productivity (WP) through deficit irrigation is crucial in water-scarce areas. To practice deficit irrigation, the optimum level of water deficit that maximizes WP must be investigated. In this study, a field experiment was conducted to examine WP of the three treatments at available soil water depletion percentage (Pi) of 25% (reference), 45% and 65% using a drip irrigation system. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design. The water deficit was allowed throughout the growth stages after transplanting except for the first 15 days of equal amounts of irrigations during the initial growth stage and 20 days enough spring season rainfall during bulb enlargement periods. Physical WP in terms of water use efficiency (WUEf) for treatments T1, T2, and T3 was 9.44 kg∙m–3, 11 kg∙m–3 and 10.6 kg∙m–3 for marketable yields. The WUEf and economic water productivity were significantly improved by T2 and T3. The WUEf difference between T2 and T3 was insignificant. However, T2 can be selected as an optimal irrigation level. Hence, deficit irrigation scheduling is an important approach for maximizing WP in areas where water is the main constraint for crop production. The planting dates should be scheduled such that the peak water requirement periods coincide with the rainy system.

6

Soybean Yield and Vegetative Water Consumption in Various Irrigation Methods

Yelnazarkyzy Rakhiya, Kenenbayev Serik Barmanbekovich, Ospanbayev Z.O., Kalashnikov P.A.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2020

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Vol. 21, nr 3

87--93

EN

The influence of various irrigation methods on the soybean water consumption rates and yield has been studied. It was established that the yield of the Lastochka soybean variety using the drip irrigation was 52.6 c/ha under the conditions of the Ili Alatau and 49.6 c/ha in the Kyrgyz Alatau, which is 8.0–8.14 c/ha more than when using the furrow irrigation. In both zones, the soybean consumption rates depended on the soil-hydrogeological state of the land.

7

Soy Cultivation Technology with Gravity Drip Irrigation in South and Southeast Kazakhstan

Yelnazarkyzy Rakhiya, Kenenbayev Serik Barmanbekovich, Didorenko Svetlana Vladimirovna, Borodychev Viktor Vladimirovich

Journal of Ecological Engineering

|

2019

|

Vol. 20, nr 7

39--44

EN

The authors studied the cultivation technology with drip irrigation based on renewable water energy in comparison with furrow irrigation in two agro-ecological zones in south and southeast Kazakhstan. Three soybean varieties (Lastochka, Danaya, and Akku) were used in the study. Due to the uniform supply of water to the roots of plants, drip irrigation has a positive effect on the quantitative characteristics of growth and development of soybean plants and the formation of productivity indices, as compared to furrow irrigation. The yield of soybean varieties (an integral index that depends on the irrigation methods) increased for all varieties by 5.6–10.6 c/ha with the use of drip irrigation.

8

An impact of irrigation of selected varieties on highbush blueberry crop

Masłowska W., Liberacki D., Stachowski P., Kozaczyk P.

Infrastruktura i Ekologia Terenów Wiejskich

|

2018

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nr III/1

565--573

EN

The paperwork includes estimate of irrigation on yield effect of highbush blueberry. The research was conducted in 2014-2016, on a small plantation located in Przyczyna Górna, in the Wschowski county, in the Lubuskie Province. The plantation’s area was 800 m2. The article presents an analysis of five varieties of highbush blueberry: Patriot, Duke, Chandler, Elliott and Bluecrop. The frequency of irrigation and the amount of water supplied to the shrubs depended mainly on the distribution of atmospheric precipitation and the optimal humidity that the soil needs in growing blueberries. The need for irrigation was determined on the basis of soil water suction measurements using tensiometers. The shrubs were irrigated with a drip line with a spacing adjusted to the spacing of blueberry bushes. The annual dose of water used for irrigation were from 144 mm to 303 mm. The research showed that the average crop increase amounted to 167%, because of irrigation. In 2015, which was a wet year, the increase was 140% and in the average year (2014) was 193%. It was not connected only with amount of precipitation, but with the distribution of precipitation at growing season. The best yield was noted for Chandler (32% of yield), Patriot and Bluecrop (20%).

9

Produkcyjna i ekonomiczno-finansowa efektywność kroplowego nawadniania borówki wysokiej

Kula A., Lipiński J.

Woda-Środowisko-Obszary Wiejskie

|

2017

|

T. 17, z. 1

75--87

PL

W pracy zaprezentowano ocenę produkcyjnej i ekonomiczno-finansowej efektywności kroplowego nawadniania borówki wysokiej. Badania prowadzono w latach 2008–2015 na powierzchni 4,0– 4,5 ha, w produkcyjnym gospodarstwie rolnym. Roczne dawki nawodnieniowe wynosiły od 145 do 333 mm i były podawane w 24–32 cyklach nawodnieniowych trwających od 3 do 6 godzin. Badania wykazały, że średnia zwyżka plonów na skutek nawodnień wynosiła 6,76 t∙ha -1 (132%), produktywność nawodnień mierzona zwyżką plonów na m3 wody to 3,2 kg, a ceny handlowe owoców z plantacji nawadnianej były wyższe średnio o 1,56 zł•kg-1 (11%) niż z plantacji nienawadnianej. Ocena ekonomiczno-finansowa przeprowadzona metodą zdyskontowanych przepływów pieniężnych (DCF) wykazała, że finansowa wewnętrzna stopa zwrotu z nawodnień (FRR) wyniosła 544%, finansowa aktualna wartość netto (FNPV) w warunkach stopy dyskontowej r = 6% równa się 2039,0 tys. zł (501,9 tys. zł∙ha-1), a nakłady inwestycyjne na system nawadniający stanowiły tylko 20% zwyżki dochodu w pierwszym roku nawodnień. Wskaźniki te są wyjątkowo wysokie i wskazują na celowość nawadniania borówki.

EN

The paper presents an assessment of production and financial viability of drip irrigation of highbush blueberry, on the surface of 4.0–4.5 ha. The study was conducted in 2008–2015 in farm. Annual irrigation doses ranged from 145 to 333 mm and were applied in 24–32 irrigation cycles lasting from 3 to 6 hours. Studies have shown that increases yields thank to irrigation were 6.76 t∙ha-1 (132%). Irrigation productivity, measured rise of the harvest per m3 of water – 3.2 kg, but the commercial price of fruit on irrigated plantations are higher average of 1.56 PLN∙kg-1 (11%) than from no irrigated plantations. Economic and financial assessment of carried out using the discounted cash flow (DCF) analysis showed that the financial internal rate of return from irrigation (FRR) was 544%, financial net present value (FNPV) under the discount rate r = 6% equals 2039.0 thousand PLN (501.9 thousand PLN∙ha-1), and investment cost on irrigation system accounted for only 20% increases of net revenue in the first year of irrigation. These indicators are extremely high and indicate the advisability of blueberries irrigation.

10

Ocena nawadniania kroplowego w uprawie pomidora szklarniowego w warunkach produkcyjnych

Liberacki D., Stachowski P., Kozaczyk P.

Infrastruktura i Ekologia Terenów Wiejskich

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2017

|

nr I/1

21--31

PL

Celem pracy była ocena nawodnienia kroplowego w uprawie pomidora, prowadzonego w szklarniach jako najbardziej ekonomicznego i powszechnie stosowanego systemu nawodnień. Obiektem badań było gospodarstwo ogrodnicze o powierzchni 2 ha, położone 20 km od Kalisza w miejscowości Szczytniki. W gospodarstwie zastosowano nawadnianie kroplowe uprawy pomidora w ilości 50000 roślin. Wybrany sposób nawadniania spowodował skrócenie czasu pracy, zmniejszenie nakładów na jednostkę produkcji oraz wzrost wydajności pracy. Uprawa pomidora odbywała się na wełnie mineralnej, dlatego niezbędne stało się systematyczne nawadnianie powiązane z dozowaniem roztworów, w których zawartość składników pokarmowych wymaga dostosowania do określonej fazy wzrostu rośliny z uwzględnieniem indywidualnych wymagań odmiany.

EN

Aim of this study was to evaluate the drip irrigation based on tomato crops in greenhouses carried out as the most economical and widely used irrigation system. The object of the study was a horticultural farm with an area of 2 hectares, which is located 20 km from Kalisz town, close to Szczytniki village, near the Kalisz - Łódź route. A drip irrigation system intended to irrigate 50,000 plants is used in the farm. This system is the best tomato irrigation system currently available on the market. It reduces the operating time resulting in reduction of expenditures per unit of output and labour productivity growth. On the farm tomato cultivation is carried out on mineral wool, which makes necessity of systematically irrigation associated with dispensing solutions, where the nutrient content needs to be adapted to a particular stage of the crop, considering individual needs variety.

11

Evaluation of economic efficiency of irrigation in corn for grain production in 2005-2016

Kledzik R., Kropkowski M., Dudek S., Kuśmierek-Tomaszewska R., Żarski J.

Infrastruktura i Ekologia Terenów Wiejskich

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2017

|

nr II/1

587--598

EN

To evaluate the economic efficiency of irrigation in corn cultivated for grain, production effects were used, which were obtained from studies conducted by researcher team from the Department of Land Reclamation and Agrometeorology at the Experiment Station of the UTP University of Science and Technology in Bydgoszcz in 2005-2016. The research covered the effect of irrigation on yielding of the crop. Economic efficiency calculations were made using the direct surplus increase calculation method. In each variant irrigation enhanced production effects. It was not always economically justified, however. The irrigation costs (for drip and sprinkler irrigation systems) per hectare were decreasing with an increase in acreage. Applying drip irrigation was economically unjustified in moist years and on average in the multi-year period. In the years with dry and average precipitation conditions the direct surplus was positive, except for irrigation of 1 ha. As for the sprinkler-irrigation system, a lack of economic efficiency was reported in moist years, whereas in dry and average years as well as on average in the multi-year period, except for 1 hectare acreage, corn sprinkler-irrigation was economically justified.

12

Efektywność kroplowego nawadniania sadów wiśniowych

Lipiński J.

Woda-Środowisko-Obszary Wiejskie

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2016

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T. 16, z. 2

77--88

PL

W pracy zaprezentowano ocenę ekonomiczno-finansowej efektywności kroplowego nawadniania wiśni w trzech gospodarstwach sadowniczych, z których dwa położone są w powiecie grójeckim (woj. mazowieckie), a jedno w powiecie Lipno (woj. kujawsko-pomorskie). Badania polegały na rejestracji danych o plonach na polu nawadnianym i bez nawodnień, przychodów z ich sprzedaży oraz kosztach nawodnień. Na podstawie zgromadzonych informacji obliczono zwyżki plonów na skutek nawodnień oraz obliczono wskaźniki ekonomiczno-finansowej efektywności nawadniania. Wskaźniki efektywności zostały obliczone metodą zdyskontowanych przepływów pieniężnych. Badania wykazały, że średnia zwyżka plonów na skutek nawodnień wyniosła 2,07 t∙ha-1 (20%), a w poszczególnych gospodarstwach w granicach 1,6‒2,6 t∙ha-1 (11‒29%). Nawodnienia wiśni były ekonomicznie uzasadnione, ponieważ finansowa aktualna wartość netto przedsięwzięcia w poszczególnych gospodarstwach (FNPV), w warunkach stopy dyskontowej r = 6%, wynosiła w granicach 7,91‒35,36 tys. zł, a finansowa wewnętrzna stopa zwrotu z inwestycji (FRR) od 15,2%, do 51,3%. Wskaźniki FRR są zdecydowanie wyższe niż stopa inflacji i oprocentowanie lokat bankowych w okresie badań, jednak niższe niż uzyskane w innych badaniach dotyczących nawadniania sadów jabłoniowych, truskawek, warzyw i ziemniaków jadalnych.

EN

The paper presents an assessment of the economic and financial efficiency of drip irrigation cherry orchard in the three farms. Two of which are located in the district of Grójec (Mazowieckie province) and one in the district of Lipno (Kujawsko-Pomorskie province). The study relied on data relating to the yield on a field irrigated and without irrigation, revenues from the sale and irrigation costs. On the basis of collected data, the crop yields increases and indicators of economic and financial efficiency due to irrigation was calculated. Indicators of economic and financial efficiency were calculated using the discounted cash flow method. Studies have shown that the average increases yields through irrigation was 2.07 t∙ha-1 (20%) and individual farms within 1.6–2.6 t∙ha-1 (11–29%). It should be noted that the irrigation of cherries orchard have been economically justified because the financial net present value of the project on individual holdings (FNPV), under the conditions of the discount rate r = 6%, was in the range 7.91–35.36 thousand zł, a financial internal rate of return (FRR) from 15.2% to 51.3%. Indicators FRR much higher than the rate of inflation and interest rates on bank deposits during the study period, but lower than those obtained in other studies on the irrigation of apple orchards, strawberries, vegetables and potatoes.

13

Features of application of the Penman–Monteith method for conditions of a drip irrigation of the steppe of Ukraine (on example of grain corn)

Romashchenko M., Shatkowski A., Zhuravlev O.

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2016

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no. 31

123--127

EN

In the article presented the features of application and adaptation of the calculation method for determination of evapotranspiration Penman–Monteith. With the purpose of effective use of this method in the practice of a drip irrigation in the steppe zone of Ukraine, on the base of the field’s experiments results were conducted correlation of Kc with a taking into account deviations from standard conditions (on the example of grain corn).

PL

Celem badań prezentowanych w pracy była analiza specyfiki ewapotranspiracji i adaptacja obliczeniowej metody Penmana-Monteitha do określania tego parametru w warunkach stepu Ukrainy. Prowadzono krótkotrwałe doświadczenia polowe, wykorzystując ogólnie stosowane analizy statystyczne: dyspersji, korelacji, regresji i wariancji. W pracy określono wartość ewapotranspiracji obliczeniowej ЕТо i rzeczywistej ЕТс, wykorzystując do tego nowoczesne narzędzia (internetowa stacja meteo iMetos® i stacja pomiaru wilgotności gruntu iMetos® SM/ECHO/TNS/ECOD2). Na podstawie eksperymentu polowego skorygowano współczynnik roślinny Kс w zależności od fazy rozwoju roślin kukurydzy. Ustalono, że wartości rzeczywistego współczynnika roślinnego Kс kukurydzy uprawianej na ziarno w warunkach nawadniania kroplowego na stepach Ukrainy różnią się od Kc podawanego przez FAO. W początkowych i końcowych fazach rozwoju kukurydzy wartość Kc (FAO) zawyża wartość ewapotranspiracji rzeczywistej od 20 do 225%, a w połowie sezonu – zaniża o 10–15%. Ze względu na wyraźną korelację Kc (FАО) і Kc(ac.) do wyznaczenia ewapotranspiracji rzeczywistej (ЕТс) kukurydzy autorzy rekomendują stosowanie skorygowanej wartości Kс.

14

An experimental study of the surface and subsurface irrigation methods with respect to soil moisture on grape yard

Kadbhane S. J., Manekar V. L.

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2016

|

no. 31

73--85

EN

In this study, field experiment has been carried out on the grape yard during the summer, Rainy, and winter seasons using different irrigation methods and measuring its impact on moisture retention. Six different irrigation methods such as drip irrigation (DI), drip irrigation with plastic mulching (DIPM), drip irrigation with organic mulching (DIOM), subsurface irrigation with stone column (SISC), subsurface irrigation with mud pot (SIMP), and subsurface irrigation with plastic bottles (SIPB) are used during experimental work. CROPWAT-8.0 model (FAO) is used to find out crop water requirements. Soil moisture is measured using soil moisture sensors fixed in the depth of 30 and 60 cm at the same location. Climatic parameters are obtained from the automatic weather station which is located near the experimental field. Multifactorial statistical analysis has been carried out using recorded soil moisture and climatic data. As per experimental results and analysis, it is observed that drip irrigation with the plastic mulching method is found to be the best method of irrigation for soil moisture retention among all other methods due to its highest soil moisture retention value as 25–30%. Whereas subsurface irrigation with the plastic bottle method is found to be suitable as it retained 15–20% soil moisture and material used in this irrigation method is waste material and the cheapest one.

PL

Przeprowadzono eksperyment polowy w winnicy w czasie lata, pory mokrej i zimowej, stosując różne metody nawadniania i mierząc jego wpływ na zachowanie wilgotności w glebie. Zastosowano sześć metod nawadniania: nawadnianie kroplowe, nawadnianie kroplowe z przykrywaniem syntetyczną włókniną, nawadnianie kroplowe z mulczowaniem organicznym, podpowierzchniowe nawadnianie z kolumnami z kamieni, podpowierzchniowe nawadnianie z glinianymi naczyniami i nawadnianie za pomocą butelek plastikowych. Do oceny zapotrzebowania uprawy na wodę zastosowano model CROPWAT 8.0. Wilgotność gleby mierzono czujnikami wprowadzonymi do gleby na głębokość 30 i 60 cm. Parametry klimatyczne uzyskano z automatycznej stacji pogodowej usytuowanej w pobliżu pola doświadczalnego. Wieloczynnikową analizę statystyczną przeprowadzono z wykorzystaniem pomierzonej wilgotności gleby i danych klimatycznych. Metoda kroplowego nawadniania z przykrywaniem syntetyczną włókniną okazała się najlepsza spośród wszystkich zastosowanych metod z powodu największej retencji wilgoci glebowej (25–30%). Użyteczna okazała się także metoda podpowierzchniowego nawadniania z plastikowymi butelkami, ponieważ zatrzymywała 15–20% wilgoci glebowej.

15

CropSyst model for wheat under deficit irrigation using sprinkler and drip irrigation in sandy soil

Noreldin T., Ouda S., Mounzer O., Abdelhamid M. T.

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2015

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no. 26

57--64

EN

CropSyst (Cropping Systems Simulation) is used as an analytic tool for studying irrigation water management to increase wheat productivity. Therefore, two field experiments were conducted to 1) calibrate CropSyst model for wheat grown under sprinkler and drip irrigation systems, 2) to use the simulation results to analyse the relationship between applied irrigation amount and the resulted yield and 3) to simulate the effect of saving irrigation water on wheat yield. Drip irrigation system in three treatments (100%, 75% and 50% of crop evapotranspiration – ETc) and under sprinkler irrigation system in five treatments (100%, 80%, 60%, 40%, and 20% of ETc) were imposed on these experiments. Results using CropSyst calibration revealed that results of using CropSyst calibration revealed that the model was able to predict wheat grain and biological yield, with high degree of accuracy. Using 100% ETc under drip system resulted in very low water stress index (WSI = 0.008), whereas using 100% ETc sprinkler system resulted in WSI = 0.1, which proved that application of 100% ETc enough to ensure high yield. The rest of deficit irrigation treatments resulted in high yield losses. Simulation of application of 90% ETc not only reduced yield losses to either irrigation system, but also increased land and water productivity. Thus, it can be recommended to apply irrigation water to wheat equal to 90% ETc to save on the applied water and increase water productivity.

PL

CrosSyst (ang. Cropping Systems Simulation) wykorzystano jako narzędzie analityczne do zarządzania wodą do nawodnień w celu zwiększenia produktywności pszenicy. Przeprowadzono dwa eksperymenty terenowe w celu: 1) kalibracji modelu CropSyst w odniesieniu do pszenicy uprawianej w warunkach nawodnień deszczownianych i kroplowych, 2) zastosowania wyników symulacji do analizy zależności między wielkością nawodnień a plonem i 3) symulacji wpływu oszczędności wody użytej do nawodnień na plon pszenicy. W eksperymentach zastosowano trzy warianty nawodnień kroplowych (100%, 75% i 50% ewapotranspiracji – ETc) i pięć wariantów nawadniania deszczownianego (100%, 80%, 60%, 40% i 20% ETc). Wyniki kalibracji wykazały, że wartość RMSE wynosiła 0,03 i 0,14 t·ha–1 odpowiednio dla ziarna i biomasy. Model umożliwiał symulację dobowego stresu wodnego w ciągu całego sezonu wegetacyjnego. W wariancie 90% ETc nie tylko stwierdzono zmniejszenie strat plonu w każdym z systemów nawodnień, ale także zwiększenie produktywności wody. Dlatego można zalecić stosowanie dawki 90% ETc w celu oszczędności wody i zwiększenia jej produktywności.

16

Influence of Drip Irrigation and Fertigation on the Yield of Potato Tubers and Content of Nitrogen Mineral in the Soil

Trawczyński C.

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. A

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2009

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Vol. 16, nr 8

1021-1027

EN

The field experiment was conducted in the years 2006-2008 at Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute, Oirision Jadwisin on the light and acid soil. The aim of the research was to compare tubers yield and content of mineral nitrogen in the soil after harvest of potato by different doses in solid (100 i ] 50 kg N o ha-1) and liquid nitrogen form - fertigation (mean of 43.0 kg N o ha-1) to the soil applied. The control was object non-ferlilized and non-irrigated. The objects were divided on: irrigated and non-irrigated. Drip irrigation method in this experiment was applied. The nitrogen dose in fertigation form by using computer program DSS was established. The doses of water and dates of their application by using tensiometer were established. The soil for examination was taken from thc layer of 0-30 and 30-60 cm. Analyses of nitrate and amnionium ions contents were carried out by reflection spectroscopy using RQ flex Merck reflectometr. The yield of tubers on irrigated object by using fertilizer program DSS was about 47 % higher than on the control object but content of mineral nitrogen in the soil on this object was smaller than on the control. Application nitrogen dose of 150 kg N o ha-1 on non-irrigated object, in all investigation years was the cause high cumulation of mineral nitrogen in the soil after harvest of potato. In second years of investigation (2007) already after applied dose of 100 kg N o ha-1 on non-irrigated conditions high level of mineral nitrogen in the soil was found. Nitrogen surplus may be leached from the soil into groundwater in the autumn and winter period.

PL

Doświadczenie polowe przeprowadzono w latach 2006-2008 w Instytucie Hodowli i Aklimatyzacji Roślin, Oddział Jadwisin na glebie lekkiej, kwaśnej. Celem badań było porównanie wpływu na plon bulw i zawartość azotu mineralnego w glebie po zakończeniu wegetacji ziemniaków zróżnicowanego nawożenia azotem stosowanego do gleby w formie stałej (100 i 150 kg N o ha-1) i płynnej - fertygacja (średnio 43.0 kg N o ha-1). Kontrolę stanowił obiekt bez nawożenia NPK i nienawadniany. Kombinacje podzielono na: nawadniane i nienawadniane. Nawadnianie prowadzono metodą kroplową. Dawkę azotu w formie fertygacji ustalono przy wykorzystaniu komputerowego programu nawozowego DSS. Dawki wody oraz terminy ich stosowania ustalono na podstawie wilgotności gleby przy użyciu tensjometrów. Glebę do badań pobierano z warstwy gleby 0-30 i 30-60 cm. Oznaczenie zawartości jonów azotanowych i amonowych wykonano reflektometrycznie przy użyciu reflektometru RQ flex Merck. Plon bulw uzyskany na kombinacji nawadnianej z wykorzystaniem programu nawozowego DSS był o około 47 % większy niż na kontroli, a zawartość azotu mineralnego w glebie na tej kombinacji mniejsza w porównaniu do kontroli. Zastosowanie dawki azotu 150 kg N o ha-1 bez nawadniania, we wszystkich badanych latach, przyczyniło się do dużej kumulacji azotu mineralnego w glebie po zbiorze ziemniaków. W drugim roku badań (2007) już po zastosowaniu dawki 100 kg N o ha-1 bez nawadniania stwierdzono wysoki poziom azotu mineralnego w glebie. Nadmiar tego azotu może być wypłukany z gleby do wód gruntowych w okresie jesienno--zimowym.

17

Reakcja maliny na zróżnicowane nawożenie azotem i nawadnianie kroplowe

Rumasz-Rudnicka E., Koszański Z.

Inżynieria Rolnicza

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2008

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R. 12, nr 5(103)

221-228

PL

Badania polowe przeprowadzono w latach 2002-2004 na glebie lekkiej, kompleksu żytniego dobrego. Oceniano możliwości plonotwórcze trzy-, cztero- i pięcioletnich krzewów malin odmiany "Norna" i "Veten" uprawianych w zróżnicowanych warunkach wodnych (kontrola O, nawadniane W) oraz nawozowych (0, 60, 120 kg Nźha-1). Nawadnianie zapewniało uzyskanie istotnie wyższych plonów - średnio w trzyletnim okresie badań o blisko 52%, niż naturalne opady. Najbardziej uzasadnione okazało się nawożenie obu testowanych odmian dawką 120 kg Nźha-1. Odmiana "Norna" wyróżniała się większą efektywnością jednostkową wody niż odmiana "Veten". Nawadnianie istotnie zwiększało plon owoców i masę 100 jagód, a także natężenie asymilacji i transpiracji liści.

EN

Field experiments were done in 2002-2004 on sandy soil. Crop productivity of raspberry (cv. "Norna" i "Veten") was tested in the 3rd, 4th and 5th year of cultivation at different water regime (O-control, W-drip irrigation) and various nitrogen doses (0, 60, 120 Nźha-1). The 52% crop increase in tested plants was obtained resulting from the supplemental irrigation. Effects of irrigation depended also on amount of natural precipitation - the highest increase we obtained in extremly dry year 2003. We obtained on plots with 120 kg Nźha-1 the most significant effect of nitrogen fertilization for both tested varieties. "Norna" variety was more effective in used water than "Veten". Supplemental irrigation significantly increased the yield of fruit and weight of 100 berries and also intensity of leaves transpiration and assimilation.

18

Wpływ nawadniania kroplowego i fertygacji na dynamikę nagromadzania azotanów w bulwach ziemniaka

Wroniak J., Mazurczyk W., Wierzbicka A.

Inżynieria Ekologiczna

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2006

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Nr 17

165-166

19

Wpływ nawadniania i nawożenia NPK na budowę morfologiczną i anatomiczną, aktywność niektórych procesów fizjologicznych oraz plonowanie truskawki

Koszański Z., Friedrich S., Podsiadło C., Rumasz-Rudnicka E., Karczmarczyk S.

Woda-Środowisko-Obszary Wiejskie

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2005

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T. 5, z. 2

145-155

PL

Dwuletnie doświadczenie dotyczące wpływu nawadniania kroplowego oraz nawożenia mineralnego na plonowanie truskawki przeprowadzono na glebie lekkiej. Uzyskane wyniki obserwacji i badań wykazały zmiany w budowie morfologicznej i anatomicznej oraz aktywności niektórych procesów fotosyntezy w truskawce korzystnie wpływające na jej plonowanie. Pod wpływem nawadniania uzyskano zwiększenie plonu o 18%, nawożenia mineralnego o 8%, a oba zabiegi łącznie spowodowały zwiększenie plonów o 28%.

EN

A 2-year field experiment on the influence of drip irrigation and mineral fertilization on strawberry was conducted in sandy soil. The results have shown a positive impact of these measures on the anatomy and morphology of strawberry, its physiological processes which have led to a higher crop. The strawberry yield increased by 18 % as a result of irrigation, by 8 % as a result of fertilization, and by 28 % as the effect of both measures combined.

20

Nawadnianie jako czynnik przeciwdziałający skutkom posuch w uprawie maliny na glebie piaszczystej

Rolbiecki S., Rolbiecki R., Rzekanowski Cz.

Woda-Środowisko-Obszary Wiejskie

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2005

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T. 5, z. spec.

243-260

PL

Hipoteza badawcza zakładała, że nawadnianie może być jedną ze skutecznych metod przeciwdziałania skutkom posuch na plantacji maliny założonej na glebie o małej pojemności wodnej. W tym celu, w latach 1999-2003, wykonano ścisłe doświadczenie polowe z nawadnianiem tej rośliny, w miejscowości Kruszyn Krajeński koło Bydgoszczy na czarnej ziemi zdegradowanej, zaliczanej do V klasy bonitacyjnej. Nawadnianie maliny uprawianej na glebie bardzo lekkiej było czynnikiem umożliwiającym prawidłowy wzrost i rozwój tej rośliny oraz zapewniającym pozyskiwanie względnie dużych, jak na warunki klimatyczno-glebowe doświadczenia, a przy tym stabilnych i cechujących się dobrą jakością plonów. Plony roślin nawadnianych okazały się większe od uzyskiwanych w praktyce produkcyjnej regionu bydgoskiego. Produkcyjność wody w warunkach nawadniania kroplowego była większa niż mikrozraszania, co wynikało z mniejszego jej zużycia w systemie kroplowym. Suma opadów naturalnych i dawek nawodnieniowych dobrze korelowała z potrzebami wodnymi maliny oszacowanymi metodą DRUPKI [1976]. Potwierdza to przydatność maliny do wieloletniej uprawy na glebie bardzo lekkiej, w rejonie o niskich opadach atmosferycznych w okresie wegetacji, ale wyłącznie pod warunkiem zapewnienia nawodnień.

EN

Hypothesis of this work was that irrigation can be an efficient method for drought mitigation in raspberry plantation on a soil characterized by a small water capacity. Therefore, in the years 1999-2003 a field experiment was carried out on a degraded black earth of the Vth class soil quality, at Kruszyn Krajeński near Bydgoszcz. The use of irrigation in raspberry cultivation on the very light soil enabled regular growth and development of this crop and secured relatively high yields, under the climatic-soil conditions of the test. Fruit yields were stable and of good quality. Yields obtained from irrigated plants were higher than those from production practices of the Bydgoszcz region. The efficiency of water use in drip irrigation was higher than that in microjet sprinkling, which resulted from a lower water consumption in the drip system. Total rainfall and irrigation doses used in raspberry cultivation correlated well with water requirements estimated using the DRUPKA'S method [1976] which confirmed its usefulness for agricultural practice. Raspberry can thus be cultivated for a long time in the very light soil in regions of low rainfall providing irrigation of the crop during the vegetative period.