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1

Łasica, co nie zna łaski

Nawrot Radosław

Zieleń Miejska

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2021

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Nr 1

36--37

PL

W porównaniu ze starożytnością, gdzie je czczono, średniowiecze nie było najlepszym czasem dla kotów. Uważane za wcielenie diabła i pomocników czarownic, były przesladowane, więc ich miejsce zajęły łasice. Kto wie, czy nie tak zaczął sie bliski związek z ludźmi tych małych drapieżców

2

The effect of white mustard proximity on broad bean infestation with black bean aphid (Aphis fabae Scop.)

Gospodarek J., Kaczmarczyk M., Biniaś B., Rusin M.

Journal of Research and Applications in Agricultural Engineering

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2016

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Vol. 61, nr 3

156--161

EN

Objective of the study consisted in the evaluation of the effect of white mustard as a companion plant in the cultivation of broad bean, cultivar Bartek, on the level of plant infestation with black bean aphid Aphis fabae Scop., and also on the occurrence of its natural enemies. The field experiment comprised the following objects: control - broad bean, Bartek cv. as a homogenous crop, sown at 50 cm x 10 cm spacing; broad bean spaced 60 cm x 10 cm with white mustard as the crop intersown between the rows and broad bean spaced 50 cm x 10 cm, with a 50 cm wide mustard stripe surrounding the plot (in this case the width of broad bean stripes was 3 m). Broad bean cultivation in combination with intercropping white mustard, as well as in the form of surrounding sowing contributed to a significant decrease in black bean aphid abundance on the broad bean plants. The effect was visible mainly during the final period of the pest occurrence. The analysis of the occurrence of natural enemies of A. fabae demonstrated a strong relationship between the number of adult Coccinellidae with the number of aphid and their highest numbers in the homogenous broad bean cultivation. On the other hand, the predator to prey ratio in the case of larval stages of the major aphid predators, i.e. Syrphidae and Coccinellidae was more favorable in the presence of mustard as the companion plant.

PL

Celem pracy była ocena wpływu gorczycy białej, jako rośliny towarzyszącej, w uprawie bobu (Vicia faba L.), odmiany Bartek na stopień opanowania roślin przez mszycę burakową (Aphis fabae Scop.), jak również na występowanie jej wrogów naturalnych. Doświadczenie obejmowało następujące obiekty: kontrola - bób w uprawie jednogatunkowej wysiany w rozstawie 50 cm x 10 cm; bób w rozstawie 60 cm x 10 cm z gorczycą wsianą między rzędami oraz bób w rozstawie 50 x 10 cm obsiany dookoła pasem gorczycy o szerokości 50 cm (szerokość pasów bobu wynosiła w tym przypadku 3 m). Uprawa bobu wspólnie z gorczycą białą w międzyrzędziach, jak i w postaci obsiewu, przyczyniła się do istotnego zmniejszenia liczebności mszycy burakowej na roślinach bobu. Efekt ten widoczny był głównie w końcowym okresie występowania szkodnika. Analiza występowania wrogów naturalnych mszycy burakowej wykazała silny związek liczebności dorosłych Coccinellidae z liczebnością mszyc i ich najliczniejsze występowanie w uprawie jednogatunkowej bobu. Natomiast stosunek liczbowy drapieżcy do ofiary w przypadku stadiów larwalnych głównych afidofagów, tj. Syrphidae i Coccinellidae korzystniej kształtował się w obecności gorczycy jako rośliny towarzyszącej.

3

Selected factors influencing the spatial relationship between latrines and burrows in rabbits Oryctolagus cuniculus (L.) in a suburban area of Madrid (Spain)

Domínguez-Cebrián I., Javier de Miguel F.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2013

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Vol. 61, nr 4

819--823

EN

Latrines are a key element of maintenance behaviour in rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus), as well as a very important source of social and territorial information. On the other hand, its location probably carries significant costs associated with risk of predation. This study focuses on the factors involved in the spatial distribution of rabbit latrines in a suburban Mediterranean forest in Madrid (central Spain). In total, 167 latrines associated to 15 burrows were analyzed and the following information recorded: distance from each latrine to the burrow, ease of transit between each latrine and the burrow, visibility from the latrine and plant cover around the latrine. Our results show that, although all these factors are involved in the latrines disposition, their specific weight in the same was unequal, being ease of transit, visibility and plant cover more important than the distance between the latrines and the burrow.

4

The large superpredators’ teeth from Middle Triassic of Poland

Surmik D., Brachaniec T.

Contemporary Trends in Geoscience

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2013

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Vol. 2, iss. 1

91--94

EN

An unusual large teeth, finding from time to time in marine sediments of Muschelkalk, Silesia, Poland indicate the superpredators occurrence. According to size and morphological features the teeth are similar to archosaurs or giant marine reptiles.

5

Nest survival in a large river valley: an experiment using artificial nests on an island and bank of Vistula River (Poland)

Żmihorski M., Lewtak J., Brzeziński M., Romanowski J.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2010

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Vol. 58, nr 1

197-203

EN

Predation pressure, which varies among habitats, is important factor for selection of nesting sites by birds. We investigated artificial nest depredation on an island 23 ha in size and on the river bank covered by willow-poplar forest and meadows in the middle Vistula river valley, in the spring and autumn 2006. We used polyurethane thrush-size nests placed at three heights (ground, bush and tree) with one quail egg. Each nest was checked twice, 7 and 14 days after the beginning of the experiment, in total 381 nest-inspections was included. Additionally, we live-trapped rodents (data from 510 trapnights included) which are potential predators of broods. We found that the survival rate of artificial nests was higher on the island as compared to the bank. Artificial nests placed on the ground revealed the higher survival rate than the nests placed on trees and bushes. Nest survival rate was higher in the autumn than in the spring. Repeatability of the results (survived vs. depredated) for the first and second 7-day period was high but lower on the island as compared to the bank. The abundance of rodents was higher on the bank during the spring, but no difference was recorded in the autumn. Rodents were also more abundant in the autumn than in the spring. This may indicate that survival rates of nests were not affected by rodents directly.

6

Does the behaviour of spruce caterpillars improve the effect of their crypticity?

Dvorackova K., Kulfan J., Zach P.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2010

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Vol. 58, nr 1

145-152

EN

Cryptic green caterpillars of Thera variata and Pungeleria capreolaria and brown caterpillars of Peribatodes secundarius, Eupithecia tantillaria and Hylaea fasciaria (Lepidoptera, Geometridae) were studied. The question was if these caterpillars could improve the effect of their crypticity by selecting for their diurnal roosting a specific place on their host plant - Norway spruce (Picea abies). We observed the preference for background type, preference for upper or undersurface, and preference for illuminated or shaded part of background. We found that the caterpillars chose special sites on their host plants. Very similar green caterpillars of T. variata and P. capreolaria roosted most frequently on the undersurface of fresh green spruce twigs (twigs with living needles). Brown caterpillars also roosted mostly on fresh twigs. P. secundarius preferred ; twig undersurface, while E. tantillaria roosted most often on the upper surface of twigs. Larvae of H. fasciaria did not prefer either the upper surface or undersurface of twigs. Comparing with the other studied species, they roosted more frequently on brown sprigs of fresh green twigs. We conclude that caterpillars could improve their mimicking of the particular parts of their host plant by the selection of their roosting position: larvae of T. variata and P. capreolaria imitate green needles, P. secundarius thin twigs, E. tantillaria dry needles captured among green needles on a living twig, and H. fasciaria thicker sprigs.

7

Deos the Red-backed Shrike (Lanius collurio L.) benefit from nesting in the association with the Barred Warbler (Sylvia nisoria Bechst.)?

Goławski A.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2007

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Vol. 55, nr 3

601-604

EN

The co-occurrence of Redbacked Shrikes (Lanius collurio) and Barred Warblers (Sylvia nisoria) was monitored during the years 1999-2003 at 343 ha of agricultural landscape of eastern Poland. Each year 25-31 pairs of Red-backed Shrikes and 3-8 pairs of Barred Warblers were nesting. In total, during five seasons, shrikes were nesting in the vicinity (within 50 m from the centre of the Barred Warbler territory) of 22 out of 24 (92%) warbler territories. The breeding success of the pairs nesting close to Barred Warbler territories was 89%, as compared with 61% for the remaining pairs and it was statistically significant. No difference was found in the clutch size between Redbacked Shrikes nesting close to Barred Warblers and far from them, but statistically significant difference was found in numbers of fledglings between them. The present results imply that close nesting of these two species reduces the risk of nest predation. This may be due to the aggression of Barrred Warblers towards potential predators, as this species actively attacks predators near the nest.