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1

General bankruptcy prediction models for the Visegrád Group : the stability over time

Tomczak Sebastian Klaudiusz

Operations Research and Decisions

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2023

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Vol. 33, No. 4

171--187

EN

Managers of enterprises must constantly face the continual changes on the market and fight for survival in a world of high competition. Therefore, it is important to systematically monitor the company’s financial condition. This will help to identify problems and give specific time to take corrective action. Bankruptcy prediction models are usually constructed for local goals. The purpose of the article is to build not only regional but also general discriminant and logit models for the SMEs operating in the construction industry in Visegrád Group countries. A total of 32 unique models were built and verified along with the Altman model for emerging markets. The paper also contributes to the literature by assessing the stability of the constructed models over time, which the models’ authors do not usually measure. The results showed that regional models are characterized by higher accuracy than general ones. However, general models can be adapted to the analyzed Visegrád Group with an accuracy of approximately 90%. The G1 LR model can be considered the best model, as it has relatively high accuracy and over-time stability.

2

Hydrochemical characterisation of groundwater using multifactorial approach in Foum el Gueiss basin, Northeastern Algeria

Lakhdari Somia, Kachi Slimane, Valles Vincent, Barbiero Laurent, Houha Belgacem, Yameogo Suzanne, Jabrane Meryem, Dali Naouel

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2022

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no. 52

60--65

EN

Knowledge of the quantity and quality of groundwater is a prerequisite to encourage investment in the development of a region and to consider the sedentarisation of populations. This work synthesises and analyses data concerning the chemical quality of the available water acquired in the Foum el Gueiss catchment area in the Aures massif. Two families of waters are observed, on the one hand, calcium and magnesian chlorated-sulphate waters and on the other hand, calcium and magnesium bicarbonate waters. Multivariate statistical treatments (Principal Component Analysis – PCA and Discriminant Analysis – DA) highlight a gradient of minerality of the waters from upstream to downstream, mainly attributed to the impact of climate, and pollution of agricultural origin rather localised in the lower zones. These differences in chemical composition make it possible to differentiate spring, well and borehole waters. The main confusion is between wells and boreholes, which is understandable because they are adjacent groundwater, rather in the lower part of the catchment area. The confusion matrix on the dataset shows a complete discrimination with a 100% success rate. There is a real difference between spring water and other samples, while the difference between wells and boreholes is smaller. The confusion matrix for the cross-validation (50%).

3

Seasonal and Tidal Influence on Surface Water Quality – A Case Study in the Hau River Segment, Vietnamese Mekong Delta Province

Ni Duong Van, Viet Le Hoang, Ly Nguyen Hong Thao

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 8

290--298

EN

The study aimed to evaluate the influence of seasons and tides on surface water quality of Hau River in Hau Giang province, Vietnam. The water quality data were collected at six locations at low tide and high tide. The monitoring parameters included pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), ammonium (NH4+-N), nitrate (NO3--N), orthophosphate (PO43--P), total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN), iron (Fe) and Coliform. One-way analysis of variance (One-way ANOVA), cluster analysis (CA) and discriminant analysis (DA) were applied to determine the influence of tides and seasons on water quality. The surface water quality was compared with the national technical regulation on surface water quality in column A1 (QCVN 08-MT:2015/BTNMT). The results showed that surface water in the study area had organic pollution and high eutrophication potential. The BOD, COD, TN, TP, Fe and coliform parameters in low tide tended to be higher than those in high tide. Five parameters, including TSS, TP, TN, PO43--P and coliform had a significant difference between the wet season and the dry season by DA analysis. Cluster analysis classified the water quality into three clusters, mainly by the BOD, COD, TSS, PO43--P and Fe parameters. The study provides important information on the water quality of the Hau River in the Hau Giang province for water uses and monitoring.

4

On the binary classification problem in discriminant analysis using linear programming methods

Olusola Michael O., Onyeagu Sydney I.

Operations Research and Decisions

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2020

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Vol. 30, No. 1

119--130

EN

This paper is centred on a binary classification problem in which it is desired to assign a new object with multivariate features to one of two distinct populations as based on historical sets of samples from two populations. A linear discriminant analysis framework has been proposed, called the minimised sum of deviations by proportion (MSDP) to model the binary classification problem. In the MSDP formulation, the sum of the proportion of exterior deviations is minimised subject to the group separation constraints, the normalisation constraint, the upper bound constraints on proportions of exterior deviations and the sign unrestriction vis-à-vis the non-negativity constraints. The two-phase method in linear programming is adopted as a solution technique to generate the discriminant function. The decision rule on group-membership prediction is constructed using the apparent error rate. The performance of the MSDP has been compared with some existing linear discriminant models using a previously published dataset on road casualties. The MSDP model was more promising and well suited for the imbalanced dataset on road casualties.

5

Evaluation of the Utility of Using Classification Algorithms when Designing New Polymer Composites

Dębska Bernardeta, Dębska Barbara, Lichołai Lech

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2019

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Vol. 20, nr 8

212--225

EN

Polymer composites are the materials that can be successfully used in the places where high mechanical strength and chemical resistance as well as low absorbability are required. These unique features of polymer composites are obtained mainly due to a suitably selected binder, i.e. a synthetic resin. At the same time, this component accounts for the high production costs of these materials. Partial substitution of the resin with glycolisates obtained using poly(ethylene terephthalate) waste (PET), helps reduce the price of polymeric mortars, while maintaining favourable physicomechanical properties. This modification method also has a beneficial effect on the environment, as it allows the utilisation of a very common waste, which is difficult to dispose of. The article concerns three types of resin mortars, i.e. epoxy, polyester and polyester with the addition of colloidal silica, modified with PET glycolisate. On the basis of the obtained data set and database knowledge mining techniques, such as discriminant analysis and decision trees, it was shown to what extent the type of resin and the presence of an added modifier differentiate the mortar properties. The results obtained with both methods were compared. It was confirmed that these techniques are effective both in the classification and prediction of the type (selection) of mortar in the process of designing new composites.

6

Discriminant Analysis and Optimization Applied to Vibration Signals for the Quality Control of Rotary Compressors in the Production Line

Reis Déborah, Vanzo Fernanda, Reis Jorge, Duarte Marcus

Archives of Acoustics

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2019

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Vol. 44, No. 1

79--87

EN

In this paper, the applications of the multivariate data analysis and optimization on vibration signals from compressors have been tested on the assembly line to identify nonconforming products. The multivariate analysis has wide applicability in the optimization of weather forecasting, agricultural experiments, or, as in this case study, in quality control. The techniques of discriminant analysis and linear program were used to solve the problem. The acceleration and velocity signals used in this work were measured in twenty-five rotating compressors, of which eleven were classified as good baseline compressors and fourteen with manufacturing defects by the specialists in the final acoustic test of the production line. The results obtained with the discriminant analysis separated the conforming and nonconforming groups with a significance level of 0.01, which validated the proposed methodology.

7

Statistical evaluation of the effect of secondary municipal wastewater and solid waste leachate on ground water quality at Lawspet in Puducherry, India

Nathan N. S., Saravanane R., Sundararajan T.

Environment Protection Engineering

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2018

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Vol. 44, nr 1

85--102

EN

At Lawspet area in Puducherry, India, a unique situation of co-disposal of solid waste dumping and secondary wastewater disposal on land, prevails simultaneously within the same campus. So an attempt is made to assess the combined effect of this co-disposal on the environmental quality and pollution effects on groundwater quality with a view to correctly monitor the situation. Multivariate statistical analysis like hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and discriminant analysis (DA) were employed. HCA was performed on borewells, physiochemical parameters and seasons. Borewell clustering identified four clusters illustrating varying degree of groundwater contamination. In parameter clustering, two major clusters were formed indicating hardness and anthropogenic components. Temporal clustering identified three major clusters indicating pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon. Discriminant analysis revealed nine significant parameters which discriminate four clusters qualitatively affording 86% correct assignation to discriminate among the clusters. Also three major components viz. anthropogenic, hardness and geogenic responsible for groundwater quality in the study area were identified. Conclusively the investigation revealed that the direction of the contaminant transport is towards the southeast direction of the study area, where all the borewells (100%) are affected.

8

Discriminant analysis of neural style representations for breast lesion classification in ultrasound

Byra M.

Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering

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2018

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Vol. 38, no. 3

684--690

EN

Ultrasound imaging is widely used for breast lesion differentiation. In this paper we propose a neural transfer learning method for breast lesion classification in ultrasound. As reported in several papers, the content and the style of a particular image can be separated with a convolutional neural network. The style, coded by the Gram matrix, can be used to perform neural transfer of artistic style. In this paper we extract the neural style representations of malignant and benign breast lesions using the VGG19 neural network. Next, the Fisher discriminant analysis is used to separate those neural style representations and perform classification. The proposed approach achieves good classification performance (AUC of 0.847). Our method is compared with another transfer learning technique based on extracting pooling layer features (AUC of 0.826). Moreover, we apply the Fisher discriminant analysis to differentiate breast lesions using ultrasound images (AUC of 0.758). Additionally, we extract the eigenimages related to malignant and benign breast lesions and show that these eigenimages present features commonly associated with lesion type, such as contour attributes or shadowing. The proposed techniques may be useful for the researchers interested in ultrasound breast lesion characterization.

9

An identification source of variation on the water quality pattern in the Malacca River basin using chemometric approach

Hua A. K.

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2018

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Vol. 44, no. 4

111--122

EN

The Malacca River basin experienced river water pollution which caused a major deterioration to the ecosystems and environmental health. This study is carried out to assess the water quality data and identify the pattern of water pollution sources in the study area, and also to develop a predictive performance of water quality in the Malacca River basin. A chemometric approach using a combination of HCA, DA, PCA, and MLR, was applied into twenty water quality variables from nine sampling stations that were collected from January until December of 2015 in the river basin. HCA pointed out three clusters, namely Cluster 1 (C1) with low pollution source, Cluster 2 (C2) with moderate pollution source, and Cluster 3 (C3) with high pollution source. In the DA analysis, the results showed 21 variables, 12 variables, and 9 variables for standard mode, forward stepwise mode, and backward stepwise mode, respectively. Meanwhile, the PCA indicated that the main source of pollutants is detected from residential, industrial, commercial, agricultural, animal livestock, as well as forest land. Among the three models developed from MLR analysis, C3 with a high pollution source is detected to be the most suitable model to be used for the prediction of Water Quality Index in the Malacca River basin. This study proposed for an effective river water quality management by having new water quality monitoring network to be designed for more practical use in order to reduce time and effort, as well as cost saving purposes.

10

Zastosowanie analizy dyskryminacyjnej do oceny zdolności separacyjnej determinant efektywności technicznej szpitali

Strzelecka A.

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2017

|

z. 113

457--467

PL

Osoby podejmujące decyzje w podmiotach opieki zdrowotnej, poszukując najefektywniejszych sposobów zarządzania, zwracają niemałą uwagę na wykorzystywanie metod statystycznych i wysnuwanie na ich podstawie wniosków. Zasadniczym celem artykułu jest prezentacja zastosowania analizy dyskryminacyjnej do oceny zdolności dyskryminacyjnych zmiennych określających efektywność techniczną szpitali w powiatach i miastach na prawach powiatu województwa śląskiego w roku 2015 oraz przedstawienie krótkiego opisu tej analizy. Przeprowadzone badania wskazały, że decydenci, chcąc poprawić wykorzystanie zasobów, przede wszystkim, muszą zwracać uwagę na osobodni leczenia, a więc czynnik głównie generujący koszty. Takie podejście może sprzyjać poprawie zarządzania środkami finansowymi i rzeczowymi szpitala.

EN

Decision makers in health care units, seeking the most effective management practices, pay close attention to using statistical methods and drawing conclusions from them. The main purpose of the article is to present the application of discriminant analysis to assessing the discriminating abilities of variables determining the technical effectiveness of hospitals in districts and cities with district status of Silesia Province in the year 2015 and to present a short description of this analysis. The study carried out recently showed that decision makers, in order to improve the utilization of resources, must, first of all, pay attention to the bed-days, which is the factor mainly generating costs. This approach can help improve the management of the hospital's financial and material resources.

11

Analiza dyskryminacyjna w modelowaniu stężenia trihalometanów w sieci wodociągowej

Zimoch I., Łobos E.

Proceedings of ECOpole

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2017

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Vol. 11, No. 1

333--341

PL

W celu ograniczenia ryzyka powstawania wysokich stężeń trihalometanów (THM) w wodzie przeznaczonej do spożycia przez ludzi bardzo ważne jest bieżące dostosowywanie warunków operacyjnych eksploatacji układów technologicznych uzdatniania wody do zmieniającej się jakości wody w źródle zasilania. Właściwości rakotwórcze i mutagenne THM-ów w istotny sposób wpływają na częstość monitoringu ich stężeń w systemach zaopatrzenia w wodę, kształtującego znacząco koszty sprzedaży wody. W związku z tym zakres kontroli jakości wody w systemie dystrybucji jest ograniczany do niezbędnego minimum. W takich uwarunkowaniach rośnie znaczenie wykorzystania dobrych modeli matematycznych do symulacji stężeń THM-ów w zmiennych warunkach eksploatacji systemów wodociągowych. W artykule przedstawiono wyniki analizy wpływu różnych czynników na wielkość stężenia generowanych THM-ów, takich jak: odczyn wody pH, absorbancja UV w 272 nm, utlenialność, OWO, dawka chloru, stężenie chloru pozostałego. Wszystkie dane zgromadzono podczas badań prowadzonych w rzeczywistym systemie zaopatrzenia w wodę. Celem analiz było zastosowanie narzędzi statystycznych do określenia, które z wymienionych czynników (zmienne niezależne) mają największy wpływ na zmienną zależną, czyli wielkość powstających THM-ów w sieci wodociągowej.

EN

It is very important to adapt water treatment arrangements to changing conditions of raw water quality in the order to reduce the risk of too high concentration of generated trihalomethanes (THMs). Since THMs are danger for human health because of their mutagenic and carcinogenic character, their monitoring in whole water supply system should be frequent. The precise monitoring of THM is expensive so it is limited to indispensable minimal range because of its close relation to price of water delivered to consumers. Hence increases the role of good mathematical models predicting the concentration of THMs in changing operating condition of real water supply system. In this paper authors analyzed different factors influencing the THMs concentration, such as pH, temperature, UV absorbance 272, chemical oxygen demand, total organic carbon, chlorine dose, residual chlorine. All data were collected in real water supply system. The statistical tools were used to identify which of listed factors (independent variables) are of the most impact on dependent variable (level of THMs generated in water pipe network).

12

Dimension reduction for objects composed of vector sets

Szemenyei M., Vajda F.

International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science

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2017

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Vol. 27, no. 1

169--180

EN

Dimension reduction and feature selection are fundamental tools for machine learning and data mining. Most existing methods, however, assume that objects are represented by a single vectorial descriptor. In reality, some description methods assign unordered sets or graphs of vectors to a single object, where each vector is assumed to have the same number of dimensions, but is drawn from a different probability distribution. Moreover, some applications (such as pose estimation) may require the recognition of individual vectors (nodes) of an object. In such cases it is essential that the nodes within a single object remain distinguishable after dimension reduction. In this paper we propose new discriminant analysis methods that are able to satisfy two criteria at the same time: separating between classes and between the nodes of an object instance. We analyze and evaluate our methods on several different synthetic and real-world datasets.

13

Classification of falling asleep states using HRV analysis

Piotrowski Z., Szypulska M.

Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering

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2017

|

Vol. 37, no. 2

290--301

EN

The article presents the results of studies on drowsiness and drowsiness detection performed using heart rate variability analysis (HRV). The results of those studies indicate that the most significant parameters, from the standpoint of classification of drowsiness are the following parameters of the HRV analysis: the low and high frequency band the ratio of the tachogram power in the LF and HF bands, and the total power distribution. The best detection results were obtained for the following methods, in the following order: the nearest neighborhood with metrics: standardized Euclides and Mahalanobis, the square discriminant analysis, and the Bayesian classifier. In order to classify drowsiness periods, a neural network was also used; it consisted of four inputs, six neurons in the hidden layer, and three outputs, one of which was assigned to one of the accepted classes. In order to obtain the most effective learning, a linear feed forward network was designed using back propagation of errors and the RPROP algorithm. In the case of this type of networks, the achieved accuracy of the individual classes was on the level of 98.7%.

14

Method of vehicle classification using discriminant analysis

Ryguła A., Brzozowski K., Maczyński A., Konior A.

Archives of Transport System Telematics

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2017

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Vol. 10, iss. 4

28--31

EN

Proper characteristics of the traffic flow is a particularly important issue in the process of optimizing the efficiency of transport networks as well as in the traffic control systems. One of the elementary parameters of traffic flows is the structure of vehicles, which evaluation, in case of the automatic systems, requires the implementation of proper algorithms and methods for vehicle classification. In the paper is presented a method of vehicles classification using the discriminant analysis. Furthermore authors developed a classifier, which aggregate data according to classification 8+1 in accordance with the TLS specifications and according with the classification presented in the specification COST 323. As input dataset to the classification method were used vehicle parameters recorded by the weight in motion systems.

15

Application of environmetric methods to investigate control factors on water quality

Boyacioglu H., Boyacioglu H.

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2017

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Vol. 43, no. 3

17--23

EN

In the study, environmetric methods were successfully performed a) to explore natural and anthropogenic controls on reservoir water quality, b) to investigate spatial and temporal differences in quality, and c) to determine quality variables discriminating three reservoirs in Izmir, Turkey. Results showed that overall water quality was mainly governed by “natural factors” in the whole region. A parameter that was the most important in contributing to water quality variation for one reservoir was not important for another. Between summer and winter periods, difference in arsenic concentrations were statistically significant in the Tahtalı, Ürkmez and iron concentrations were in the Balçova reservoirs. Observation of high/low levels in two seasons was explained by different processes as for instance, dilution from runoff at times of high flow seeped through soil and entered the river along with the rainwater run-off and adsorption. Three variables “boron, arsenic and sulphate” discriminated quality among Balçova & Tahtalı, Balçova & Ürkmez and two variables “zinc and arsenic” among the Tahtalı & Ürkmez reservoirs. The results illustrated the usefulness of multivariate statistical techniques to fingerprint pollution sources and investigate temporal/spatial variations in water quality.

16

Discriminant analysis of voice commands in a car cabin

Mięsikowska M.

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

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2015

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R. 91, nr 10

173-175

EN

Automatic speech recognition systems are used in vehicles. With this application it is possible to control the navigation system, air conditioning system, media player, and make phone calls by using voice commands. The effectiveness of speech recognition systems depends largely on the acoustic conditions in the cabin of the vehicle. Recognition accuracy determines the ability to extend the functionality of such systems beyond the basic functions listed above. The article shows the preliminary results of research on speech recognition and evaluation of speech intelligibility in the vehicle cabin. The purpose of this article is to present the influence of the background noise levels in a car cabin on speech intelligibility, and to investigate the discriminant analysis as a robust classifier for the speech recognition process.

PL

Automatyczne systemy rozpoznawania mowy są stosowane w pojazdach. Dzięki tej aplikacji możliwe jest sterowanie systemem nawigacji, klimatyzacją, odtwarzaczem multimedialnym i wykonywanie połączeń telefonicznych za pomocą poleceń głosowych. Skuteczność systemów rozpoznawania mowy zależy w dużej mierze od warunków akustycznych w kabinie pojazdu. Dokładność rozpoznawania określa zdolność do rozszerzenia funkcjonalności takich systemów poza podstawowe funkcje wymienione powyżej. W pracy przedstawiono wstępne wyniki badań nad rozpoznawaniem mowy i oceną zrozumiałości mowy w kabinie pojazdu. Celem pracy było przedstawienie wpływu poziomu tła w kabinie samochodu na zrozumiałość mowy i zbadanie analizy dyskryminacyjnej jako klasyfikatora w procesie rozpoznawania mowy.

17

Analiza archeometryczna ceramiki pradziejowej z zastosowaniem SEM-EDX

Kowalski Ł.

Materiały Ceramiczne

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2014

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T. 66, nr 3

274--280

PL

Artykuł prezentuje wyniki analizy archeometrycznej przeprowadzonej na kolekcji 50 fragmentów naczyń z wczesnej epoki brązu. Fragmenty pozyskano z sześciu stanowisk archeologicznych położonych na ziemi chełmińskiej: Biały Bór, Grudziądz Mniszek, Małe Radowiska, Toruń Grębocin, Wałyczyk, Zieleń i jednego na ziemi dobrzyńskiej: Skrzypkowo. Wszystkie analizowane materiały należy łączyć ze społecznościami kultury iwieńskiej, których rozwój przypada na przełom III i II tys. p.Ch. Fragmenty naczyń przeprowadzono do postaci proszku ceramicznego i poddano oznaczeniom składu chemicznego metodą dyspersji energii promieniowania rentgenowskiego (EDX) z zastosowaniem skaningowej mikroskopii elektronowej (SEM). Uzyskano spektrogramy matryc chemicznych, na których udało się określić ilościowo udział następujących pierwiastków: C, Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, K, Ca, Ti, Mn, Fe, Cu. Dane pomiarowe zostały poddane analizie archeometrycznej, polegającej m.in. na zastosowaniu metody dyskryminacyjnej. W ten sposób prześledzono reguły asocjowania poszczególnych zbiorów, z uwzględnieniem ich zróżnicowania na stanowiska archeologiczne (z których pozyskano badane fragmenty), grupy technologiczne (do których zaklasyfikowano poszczególne fragmenty) oraz dodatkowo w ramach jednego mikroregionu osadniczego. Wyniki analizy dyskryminacyjnej podały zmienne (zawartości pierwiastków), które najlepiej dyskryminowały zbiór analizowanych fragmentów pod względem ich pochodzenia i przynależności do poszczególnych grup technologicznych. Analiza średniej zawartości Al wskazuje, że utrzymywał się on na porównywalnym poziomie (11-13)% mas. (poza ceramiką ze stanowiska w Białym Borze, gdzie zarejestrowano podwyższony poziom jego zawartości - około 16% mas.). Na tej podstawie stwierdzono, że wytwórcy naczyń na poszczególnych osadach we wczesnej epoce brązu stosowali gliny plastyczne. Natomiast obniżona do (1-2)% mas. średnia zawartość P wskazuje, że nie praktykowano schudzania masy garncarskiej domieszkami pochodzenia roślinnego. Uzyskane wyniki pozwoliły sformułować wnioski na temat stosowania przez społeczności kultury iwieńskiej podobnych źródeł surowcowych, zwłaszcza w obrębie mikroregionu osadniczego Małe Radowiska-Wałyczyk-Zieleń. Ponadto, zaobserwowano tendencję utrzymywania pewnego kanonu technologicznego wytwarzania naczyń, obejmującego podział na ceramikę o charakterze "reprezentacyjnym" i "kuchennym”. Tendencja ta była trwale wpisana w reguły garncarskie i kultywowana niezależnie od miejsca zamieszkiwania i dostępności do złóż surowcowych.

EN

This article presents the results of an archaeometric analysis performed on a collection of 50 Early Bronze Age pottery sherds. The potsherds were obtained from six archaeological sites located on the Chełmno Land: Biały Bór, Grudziądz Mniszek, Małe Radowiska, Toruń Grębocin, Wałyczyk, Zieleń and one on the Dobrzyń Land: Skrzypkowo. All the materials analyzed in the article are connected with the Iwno Culture societies from the turn of the 3rd and 2nd millenium B.C. The potsherds were grinded, and the chemical composition of the resultant powder was identified by Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX) combined with a scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Chemical matrix spectrograms were obtained. The spectrograms allowed performing quantitative determination of the following elements: C, Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, K, Ca, Ti, Mn, Fe, Cu. Data set was statistically elaborated using an archaeometric analysis, including i.a. the discriminant analysis. It permitts to follow an association rules within the individual sets, such as the site (from where the potsherds were excavated), technological groups (which the potsherds were classified into) and additionally within one settlement microregion. The results of the discriminant analysis indicated the variables (elements concentration) that best of all discriminate the set of the analyzed potsherds in terms of their provenance and their belonging to the technological groups. Analysis of mean values of the Al concentration indicates a level of 11-13 wt% (except of the pottery from Biały Bór site where the elevated concentration of Al – amounted to 16 wt% was registered). On this basis, it has been found that the vessels manufacturers from each the Early Bronze Age settlements used plastic clay sources. In contrast, low mean concentration of P (amounted to about 1-2 wt%) indicates that a practice of weakening the clay paste with floral additives did not take place. The obtained results permitted to draw conclusions on the use of similar clay sources by the communities of the Iwno Culture, especially within the settlement microregion Małe Radowiska-Wałyczyk-Zieleń. In addition, the presence of a tendency of cultivating some technological canon within vessels manufacturing, which included differentiation between “representative” and ”kitchen” pottery, was observed. This tendency had been permanently existing in the pottery manufacturing rules and it had been cultivated regardless of a place of habitation, and access to raw material sources.

18

Spatial Differentiation of Water Quality Between Reservoirs Under Anthropogenic and Natural Factors Based on Statistical Approach

Boyacioglu H.

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2014

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Vol. 40, no. 1

41--50

EN

This study illustrates the benefits of statistical techniques to analyze spatial and temporal variations in water quality. In this scope water quality differentiation caused by anthropogenic and natural factors in the Tahtali and Balçova reservoirs in western Turkey was investigated using discriminant analysis-DA, Mann Whitney U techniques. Effectiveness of pollution prevention measures was analyzed by Mann Kendall and Sen’s Slope estimator methods. The water quality variables were divided into three groups as physical-inorganic, organic and inorganic pollution parameters for the study. Results showed that water quality between reservoirs was differentiated for “physical-inorganic” and “organic pollution” parameters. Degree of influence of water quality by urbanization was higher in the Tahtali reservoir and in general, no trend detection at pollution indicators explained by effective management practices at both sites.

19

Discriminant analysis of vowels of tracheoesophageal speakers

Mięsikowska M., Radziszewski L.

Pomiary Automatyka Kontrola

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2013

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R. 59, nr 6

523--525

EN

The aim of this study was to compare normal (NL) and tracheoesophageal (TE) vowel speech signals in order to show differences between them. Cepstral features extracted from vowels of NL and TE speech were analyzed using discriminant analysis. The comparison was made on the basis of the classification function coefficients and the results of the classification for each speech. Vowels recordings were acquired from 10 NL speakers and 12 TE speakers. Discriminant analysis was based on cepstral features extracted from vowel recordings, and was performed separately for NL speech and TE speech. Then a comparison between the coefficients of classification functions of NL and TE vowels using the Euclidean distance was made. Based on the resulting classification matrix of NL and TE speech, the results of classification were compared. The discriminant analysis based on cepstral features showed 79% of the mean classification score for TE speech. The Euclidean distance showed low differences between vowel /a/ of NL speech and vowel /a/ of TE speech and between vowel /o/ of NL speech and vowel /o/ of TE speech.

PL

Celem pracy było porównanie sygnału mowy przetokowej (TE) do mowy normalnej (NL) w zakresie samogłosek, aby wykazać różnice pomiędzy sygnałami. Współczynniki cepstralne uzyskane z samogłosek mowy NL i TE poddano analizie dyskryminacyjnej. Na podstawie uzyskanych współczynników funkcji klasyfikacyjnych oraz otrzymanych wyników klasyfikacji dokonano porównania sygnałów mowy NL i TE. Nagrania samogłosek pozyskane zostały od 10 mówców mowy NL i 12 mówców mowy TE. Analizę dyskryminacyjną przeprowadzono w oparciu o współczynniki cepstralne oddzielnie dla mowy NL i mowy TE. Następnie dokonano porównania uzyskanych współczynników funkcji klasyfikacyjnych samogłosek mowy NL i mowy TE, wykorzystując do tego celu odległość Euklidesa. Na podstawie macierzy klasyfikacji otrzymanej dla mowy NL i TE porównano rezultaty klasyfikacji. Analiza dyskryminacyjna w oparciu o współczynniki cepstralne wykazała 79% jako średni wynik klasyfikacji dla mowy TE. Odległość Euklidesa wskazuje na najmniejsze różnice w zakresie samogłoski /a/ i /o/ mowy NL i TE.

20

NMR-based metabonomics of cerebrospinal fluid applied to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Toczyłowska B., Jamrozik Z., Liebert A., Kwieciński H.

Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering

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2013

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Vol. 33, no. 1

21--32

EN

The aim of this study was applications of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) NMR-based metabolic fingerprinting to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) as possible early diagnostic tool. Two CSF sample categories were collected: 9 ALS patients and 13 age-matched control patients (without neurological disease). Metabolic profile of the CSF was determined by high resolution proton NMR spectroscopy. For statistical analysis magnitudes of 33 signals of the NMR spectrum were selected. Partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and orthogonal PLS-DA (OPLS-DA) modeling were used to find potential biomarkers of the disease. Those analyses showed that it was possible to distinguish the ALS patients from the control ones on the basis of the CSF metabolic profile. Significantly higher levels of metabolites observed in the patients with ALS may represent the state of anaerobic metabolism and excitotoxicity.