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1

Leśna mapa numeryczna w zagospodarowaniu turystycznym obszarów leśnych

Adamczyk J.

Roczniki Geomatyki

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2012

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T. 10, z. 5

7--18

PL

W artykule przedstawiono zagadnienia związane z zastosowaniem leśnej mapy numerycznej, w połączeniu z danymi dotyczącymi szerokiego kontekstu przyrodniczego, kulturowego i społecznego, w planowaniu zagospodarowania turystycznego obszarów leśnych. Omówiono możliwości leśnej mapy numerycznej w tym zakresie oraz przedstawiono koncepcję jej uzupełnienia w taki sposób, by możliwe było przygotowanie opracowań strategicznych i analiz. Podkreślono podstawową rolę tego zasobu danych oraz jego wartość informacyjną. Zintegrowana informacja o lasach może być również wykorzystana w promocji obszarów leśnych udostępnionych dla turystyki.

EN

In the paper, issues connected with the use of a digital forest map in tourist development of forest areas are presented in conjunction with data about broad natural, cultural and social background. Opportunities in this respect provided by the digital forest map are discussed and a concept of supplementing it in such a way that it could be used in development of strategic analyses is put forward. Basic role of this data set and its information value is emphasized. Integrated information about forests may be also used in promotion of forest areas accessible for tourism.

2

Weryfikacja sieci komunikacyjnej Puszczy Niepołomickiej

Szostak M., Kmiecik J.

Archiwum Fotogrametrii, Kartografii i Teledetekcji

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2012

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Vol. 23

419--427

PL

Badania zostały oparte na warstwach wektorowych Leśnej Mapy Numerycznej (LMN) takich jak: komunikacja, leśnictwa, oddziały, wydzielenia oraz elementach sieci komunikacyjnej Puszczy Niepołomickiej, pozyskanych na podstawie materiałów geodezyjnych. Na podstawie danych PZGiK na obszarze Puszczy Niepołomickiej pozyskano 356.6 km linii komunikacyjnych, w tym największym udziałem charakteryzowały się drogi gruntowe polne lub leśne (48.8%). Blisko o połowę niższy udział procentowy posiadały drogi o nawierzchni utwardzanej i szerokości poniżej 3 m (24.6%), natomiast około 13.8% oraz 11.6% stanowiły odpowiednio drogi gruntowe wiejskie oraz ścieżki. Najniższy procent to drogi o nawierzchni twardej i szerokości od 3 do 7 m – nieco ponad 1.1%. Dla porównania ogólna długość linii komunikacyjnych dostępnych w LMN wynosiła 419.7 km. Dla wyselekcjonowania różnic pomiędzy liniami komunikacyjnymi dostępnymi w LMN a występującymi w materiałach PZGiK wykonano analizy przestrzenne GIS. W ich wyniku ustalono, iż linie komunikacyjne pozyskane w oparciu o geodane a nieposiadające swych odpowiedników w LMN charakteryzowały się całkowitą długością równą 61.7 km. Natomiast długość szlaków komunikacyjnych LMN, dla których obserwowano brak odpowiedników w materiałach PZGiK wynosiła 125.8 km. W obu przypadkach główny udział różnicy (około 70%) stanowiły drogi gruntowe polne i leśne, a następnie ścieżki o udziale około 28%. Zgodność linii komunikacyjnych dla obu analizowanych źródeł występowała łącznie w około 294 km obiektów. Zaobserwowano także przesunięcie obiektów LMN względem szlaków komunikacyjnych przedstawionych na mapach topograficznych. W większości przypadków rozbieżność lokalizacji kształtowała się w przedziale od 0–5 m. Efektem prac było opracowanie mapy sieci komunikacyjnej Puszczy Niepołomickiej, której treść stanowiły drogi i ścieżki LMN uzupełnione o linie komunikacyjne pozyskane na bazie geodanych.

EN

The research is based on the vector layers of a Digital Forest Map (LMN), such as: transportation, forest districts, departments, allotments, as well as vectorized elements of the transportation network of the Niepołomice Forest obtained from geodetic materials, mainly from topographic maps. Transportation lines (356.6 km) were vectorized on the basis of the data contained in the State Geodetic and Cartographic Resource (PZGiK), the majority of which were field and forest dirt roads (48.8%). The percentage of paved roads no more than 3 m wide was smaller by nearly a half (24.6%), while contribution of farm dirt roads and paths was similar and added up to about 13.8% and 11.6% respectively. Paved roads 3–7 m wide constituted the smallest percentage of the transportation lines – slightly more than 1.1%. In comparison, the total length of transportation lines included in the LMN maps 419.7 km. GIS spatial analyses were carried out for the selected discrepancies between the transportation lines included in the LMN and the ones vectorized on the basis of PZGiK data. As a result, it was discovered that the total length of the transportation lines vectorized from the geodata and not found in the LMN equaled 61.7 km. On the other hand, the length of communication routes included in the LMN, yet missing from the PZGiK data, amounted to 125.8 km. In both instances, it was mainly field and forest dirt roads (approximately 70%) that contributed to the discrepancies, followed by paths (28%). The transportation lines in case of both sources were congruent for 294 km of objects. Additionally, it was observed that the objects within the LMN were misaligned with respect to the transportation routes presented in topographic maps. In most situations, however, the divergence ranged from 0 to 5 m. As a result of the research, a map of the transportation network within the Niepołomice Forest was devised, which included the roads and paths of the LMN, supplemented by the communication routes vectorized from geodata.

3

Leśna mapa numeryczna podstawą leśnej infrastruktury informacji przestrzennej w Polsce

Gaździcki J.

Roczniki Geomatyki

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2010

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T. 8, z. 7

7-9

PL

Prof. Heronim Olenderek w swoim artykule (Olenderek, 2010) napisał, że problem geoinformacji w Lasach Państwowych, ze wszystkimi jej aspektami, a więc pozyskiwaniem przetwarzaniem, wykorzystywaniem i udostępnianiem jest problemem ważnym i znaczącym w kontekście krajowej infrastruktury informacji przestrzennej. Rozwijając tę myśl należy stwierdzić, że trwa szybki rozwój technologii informacyjnych i telekomunikacyjnych oraz powiązanych z nimi technologii geomatycznych, przy jednoczesnym zwiększaniu się potrzeb informacyjnych w skali Polski i całej Unii Europejskiej. Rozwój ten sprawia, że przed polskimi leśnikami staje nowe wyzwanie, którym jest utworzenie leśnej infrastruktury informacji przestrzennej na podstawie zgromadzonych zasobów danych leśnych map numerycznych. Infrastruktura ta powinna jednocześnie: spełniać przepisy i standardy określone przez dyrektywę ustanawiającą infrastrukturę informacji przestrzennej we Wspólnocie Europejskiej (INSPIRE) z roku 2007 oraz ustawę o infrastrukturze informacji przestrzennej (IIP) z roku 2010, jak też przez przepisy wykonawcze zarówno tej dyrektywy jak też ustawy, odpowiadać w pełni szeroko pojętym potrzebom występującym w jednostkach organizacyjnych Lasów Państwowych przy wykonywaniu ich zadań. Wynika stąd, że leśna infrastruktura informacji przestrzennej powinna stanowić wyodrębnioną, branżową część IIP, powiązaną jednocześnie z Systemem Informatycznym Lasów Państwowych (SILP).

EN

This short paper calls for creation of a forest spatial information infrastructure based on available resources of data of digital forest maps. The infrastructure should meet two conditions: comply with the provisions and standards defined in the Directive establishing spatial information infrastructure in the European Community (INSPIRE) of 2007 and with the Polish Law on spatial information infrastructure (SII) of 2010 as well as with implementation rules both of the Directive and the Law, fully meet broadly understood needs of organizational units of the State Forests in realization of their tasks. Hence, the forest spatial information infrastructure should constitute a component of SII linked at the same time with the Information System of the State Forests (SILP). Therefore, the forest spatial information structure should be composed of: spatial data acquired from existing resources of digital forest maps, services related to forest spatial data, metadata concerning spatial data sets and services. The infrastructure should be designed in the way ensuring its interoperability within the framework of both SII and SILP. At present, the all-important task should be elaboration of feasibility study of this undertaking.

4

Rola klasyfikacji nadzorowanej wyzokorozdzielczych obrazów satelitarnych QuickBird w nowej koncepcji wyznaczania przemysłowych stref uszkodzeń drzewostanów na przykładzie Miasteczka Śląskiego

Kozioł K., Wężyk P.

Roczniki Geomatyki

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2005

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T. 3, z. 2

87-96

EN

During the last decades the influence of industry left its trace on Polish forests worsening significantly their health condition, expressed e.g. by the defoliation degree. Direct negative influence of industrial contamination was in certain forests so high that they have been considered the zones of ecological disaster. The new Instruction of Forest Management issued in 2003 does not describe precisely the method of zone delineation . leaving a serious gap . due to which the zones determined 10 or 20 years ago are taken over by new forest management. The purpose of this paper is to point out the usefulness of application of the VHR QuickBird satellite images (04.09.2004; region of 89 km2), which is the socalled supervised classification in assisting the new method of the forest damage zones delineation. Forests of the .wierklaniec Forest Inspectorate (RDLP Katowice) surrounding the zinc and lead metallurgical plant in Miasteczko Śląskie was the region of interest. Distinct damages of stands, including even the so-called industrial turfs caused by heavy metals dust emission and toxic concentrations of gases are still visible in this region. The calibration of image was based on vector data from the Digital Forest Map and GCP (RMSXY <1.50 m) control measurements. The supervised classification (Maximum Likelihood) was performed by means of DGPS measurements in ROI. The results of classification of the QuickBird image were compared with the determined Test Areas and information in the database of the LAS/SILP system prepared during the last forest management review (2003). The obtained classification likelihood for the .FOREST. class was 92.6%, Chile for the .NON FOREST. class: 95.3%. The likelihood of the classification for individual tree species was from 82% for Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) to 38% for Black alder (Alnus glutinosa L.). For industrial damage zones (II, III and IV) determined more than 10 years ago, the supervised classification allowed to establish the approximate parameter of the crown density as being: 90.37% (zone II), 90.43% (zone III) and 71.93% (zone IV . the so-called .death zone.). Detailed analyses of the selected evaluating features proved the possibility of utilizing the QuickBird image for the determination of such parameters as the crown density or the number of trees in a unit area. The value of the crown canopy oscillated from 94.9% to approximately 7.9% in the damage zone IV. The investigations have shown, beyond any doubt, that the VHR QuickBird satellite images can assist works on site and decision-making processes in delineation of new damage zones. High resolution in the region of interest and variety of radiometric information cause that the QuickBird images are valuable cartometric material, which due to the integration with other geoinformatic technologies (GPS, GIS) can be used for the verification and updating of LMN and SILP databases, including information on already existing forest damage zones.

5

Mapan - nowa przeglądarka leśnych map numerycznych

Pedrycz R.

Roczniki Geomatyki

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2004

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T. 2, z. 4

121-136

EN

In the paper, a new version of Mapan software serving in exploitation of digital forest maps (DFM) is presented. The software is adapted to the requirements of DFM Standard introduced by the Regulation 74/2001 of the Director General of the State Forests. Each function of the Mapan software may be assigned to one of four categories: 1) data sources management, 2) reporting, 3) edition, 4) auxiliary operations. Within the category of data sources management the issues discussed are as follows: a) selection of the mode of link to the database Information System of the State Forests (direct, work on a copy of the base, work without link) and their working possibilities, advantages and disadvantages of each mode of link; b) configuration of the software, including setting and control of parameters; c) layer catalogue and its functions; d) layer manager and its functions. Within the category of reporting three groups of reports are discussed: a) selection (by object designation; by address; by queries concerning: taxation description, plans, timber; by SQL queries), b) descriptive information (tabular reports, lists, descriptions and other) for objects and exclusions, c) thematic maps (economic types of tree stands; tree stands; habitat; division of forest districts, communes, counties, reporting ranges; industrial threat zones; hunting districts; protected forests; economic seed stands; reserve protection zones). Within the category of edition possibilities of editing layers and descriptive information are discussed as well as a possibility to create and edit own layers to include them into the information system, which are not provided for in the DFM Standard Within the category of auxiliary operations typical operations are distinguished connected with maps and a number of useful operations, e.g. showing kilometers grid, highlighting selected elements, length and area measurements, developed fire-fighting application, print preview with possibility of smooth change of the scale and setting of other parameters. In elaboration of the new version of the Mapan software attention was paid to the user.s work comfort, and to fast and easy access to data. In view of the needs of foresters, options for data presentation were expanded. Taking into account multiple functions of the software, its proper assessment may take place only after its sufficiently long exploitation.

6

Dostosowanie istniejących w nadleśnictwach map numerycznych do standardu LMN

Tomalski L.

Roczniki Geomatyki

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2004

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T. 2, z. 4

81-86

EN

State Forests constitute more than 80% of all forests in Poland. Digital maps began to be made in the State Forests in mid 1990s. By subsequent regulations No. 23/1998 and No. 74/2001 released by the Director General of the State Forests first a temporary standard and then the final digital forest map standard (LMN) was introduced, defining the system of coordinates, the form, structure and scope of map information for forest districts. In this connection, a need arose to adapt the digital maps existing in the forest districts to the LMN standard. Harmonization of digital maps existing in the forest districts to the DFM standard is a one-time operation, including: 1) conversion of layers of existing maps to the structure determined in the standard, 2) updating of the content of the map. It was envisaged to complete this work in 2004, which would make digital forest maps a valuable instrument supporting management of the State Forests.

7

Analiza przestrzenna z użyciem obiektów ciągłych i jej zastosowanie w leśnictwie

Łabaj A.

Roczniki Geomatyki

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2004

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T. 2, z. 4

51-58

EN

Analysis of continuous fields (coverages), widely known in GIS technology, has not yet been used to significant degree in the Spatial Information System created for the needs of the State Forests. Also, there are not many scientific and conceptual works in the area of continuous fields modeling for the needs of forestry. In the paper, the following subjects are presented: 1) two potential areas for application of continuous models in forest districts, i.e. digital terrain model (DTM) and soil maps when discussing the method of their creation and use, 2) growing possibilities of using continuous fields models, particularly DTM, in GIS technology to make multi-variant analyses for the needs of the State Forests Administration, 3) prospects for development of large scale DTM in Poland, including for the needs of forestry. Conditions necessary for successful application of continuous fields models in forest districts were defined as follows: 1) accumulation of precise source data, 2) providing applications for appropriate analyses and 3D visualisation, 3) staff training.

8

Aktualizator LMN - program do aktualizacji leśnych map numerycznych

Smoliński R., Plutecki W.

Roczniki Geomatyki

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2004

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T. 2, z. 4

137-144

EN

In the paper, a new version of Mapan software serving in exploitation of digital forest maps (DFM) is presented. The software is adapted to the requirements of DFM Standard introduced by the Regulation 74/2001 of the Director General of the State Forests. Each function of the Mapan software may be assigned to one of four categories: 1) data sources management, 2) reporting, 3) edition, 4) auxiliary operations. Within the category of data sources management the issues discussed are as follows: a) selection of the mode of link to the database Information System of the State Forests (direct, work on a copy of the base, work without link) and their working possibilities, advantages and disadvantages of each mode of link; b) configuration of the software, including setting and control of parameters; c) layer catalogue and its functions; d) layer manager and its functions. Within the category of reporting three groups of reports are discussed: a) selection (by object designation; by address; by queries concerning: taxation description, plans, timber; by SQL queries), b) descriptive information (tabular reports, lists, descriptions and other) for objects and exclusions, c) thematic maps (economic types of tree stands; tree stands; habitat; division of forest districts, communes, counties, reporting ranges; industrial threat zones; hunting districts; protected forests; economic seed stands; reserve protection zones). Within the category of edition possibilities of editing layers and descriptive information are discussed as well as a possibility to create and edit own layers to include them into the information system, which are not provided for in the DFM Standard Within the category of auxiliary operations typical operations are distinguished connected with maps and a number of useful operations, e.g. showing kilometers grid, highlighting selected elements, length and area measurements, developed fire-fighting application, print preview with possibility of smooth change of the scale and setting of other parameters. In elaboration of the new version of the Mapan software attention was paid to the user.s work comfort, and to fast and easy access to data. In view of the needs of foresters, options for data presentation were expanded. Taking into account multiple functions of the software, its proper assessment may take place only after its sufficiently long exploitation.