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Diatom biomonitoring : scientific foundations, commonly discussed issues and frequently made errors

Szczepocka E., Żelazna-Wieczorek J.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2018

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Vol. 47, No. 3

313--325

EN

Contemporary assessment of the ecological status of aquatic ecosystems is based on various groups of organisms, including diatoms. Biological assessment, implemented by the Water Framework Directive, has been applied worldwide for more than 15 years. Currently, the most basic “tool” used in biomonitoring are diatom indices, which are routinely applied in Europe and other countries around the world. In Poland, the diatom indices have been used for over 5 years, which is a period of time allowing to summarize and evaluate the effectiveness of these methods in the assessment of aquatic ecosystems. The purpose of this work was to analyse the use of diatom indices in the biomonitoring of surface water by collecting data on the possibilities and limitations of using diatom indices for the objective assessment of water quality. Attention was paid to mistakes made in the course of biological assessment performed with the use of diatom phytobenthos, which have a significant impact on the obtained results. The paper also contains suggestions for introducing several important changes in biological monitoring, which will improve its quality and efficiency in assessing the ecological status of various aquatic ecosystems.

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The use of diatoms to assess the water quality in the Wisłoka River in the town of Dębica and the surrounding area

Noga T., Stanek-Tarkowska J., Peszek Ł., Pajączek A., Kochman-Kędziora N., Ligęzka R.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2016

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Vol. 45, No. 2

191--201

EN

The objective of this work was to examine the water quality using three diatom indices SPI, GDI and TDI. The material for the study was collected during four seasons from autumn 2010 to summer 2011, from four sampling sites located on the Wisłoka River, in the town of Dębica and the surrounding area. The Wisłoka at all selected sites was characterized by alkaline or close to neutral pH (pH 6.5-7.7). Electrolytic conductivity ranged from 364 to 480μS cm-1. The Wisłoka at the selected sites in the urban area and in the surrounding areas was characterized by high diatom species richness. The total of 238 taxa from 53 genera were recorded, of which the most numerous were: Nitzschia (44), Navicula (33) and Gomphonema (12). Achnanthidium minutissimum var. minutissimum, Amphora pediculus, Navicula gregaria, N. lanceolata, and Nitzschia dissipata ssp. dissipata were usually the dominant species. Chemical parameters indicated very good quality of water. However, the diatom indices used to assess the water quality, classified the studied water into a group corresponding to quality class III or IV.

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Benthic diatoms of the Vrla River (Serbia) and their application in the water ecological status assessment

Jakovljević O., Popović S., Živić I., Stojanović K., Krizmanić J.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2016

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Vol. 45, No. 3

304--315

EN

Epilithic diatoms from the Vrla River (Serbia) have been used to assess the ecological status of water. A total of 227 diatom taxa belonging to 50 genera were identified in the Vrla River during six research seasons with 13 dominant species recorded. Gomphonema (30 species), Navicula (28) and Nitzschia (26) were the most species-rich genera, followed by Pinnularia (12) and Encyonema (11). One taxa was recorded as new to Serbia – Geissleria acceptata. CCA grouped the diatom taxa into three main groups. The first group included taxa found at most of the sampling sites, the second group involved diatom taxa significantly positively correlated with the oxygen, while the third group showed positive correlation with temperature. RDA showed that some diatom taxa, including: Cocconeis placentula var. placentula, C. placentula var. lineata, C. pseudolineata and Mayamaea atomus var. permitis, are significantly positively correlated with temperature, while others, for example Achnanthidium minutissimum, Hannaea arcus, Nitzschia pura are mostly correlated with total phosphorus, alkalinity and water hardness. The ecological status of the Vrla River ranged from moderate, good to high. It was shown that according to the diatom indices, the ecological status of water downstream and upstream of a trout fish pond was slightly different.

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Diversity of Diatoms in the Natural, Mid-Forest Terebowiec Stream – Bieszczady National Park

Noga T., Stanek-Tarkowska J., Rybak M., Kochman-Kędziora N., Peszek Ł., Pajączek A.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2016

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Vol. 17, nr 4

232--247

EN

The Terebowiec stream is an 8 km long watercourse which flows through the strictly protected Bieszczady National Park. The studies on bentic diatoms were conducted between 2013–2015 at three sampling sites along the Terebowiec stream and its unnamed tributary. 260 diatom taxa were identified in the streams, of which 13 taxa were considered as frequent. Chemical analysis showed good and high status of the water. In the studied samples, 27 taxa from the Polish Red List of Algae were determined.

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Diatoms in the biological assessment of the ecological state of waters using the Czarna Staszowska River as an example

Szczepocka E., Rakowska B.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2015

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Vol. 44, No. 2

254--266

EN

The object of the present research was the Czarna Staszowska River, which is located in south-eastern Poland and which is a left tributary of the upper Vistula River. The length of the river is 61 km and its sources are situated in the Świętokrzyskie Mountains. The river flows across an area covered by Mesozoic rocks, mostly carbonate and sulfate ones. The upper and middle course of the river is of natural character, while increased pollution occurs downstream of the Chańcza Reservoir. In the present study, the water quality of the Czarna Staszowska is investigated in the pure and polluted sections using diatom indices, such as IO − Diatom Index, IPS − Specific Pollution Sensitivity Index, GDI − Generic Diatom Index and TDI − Trophic Diatom Index. In the four river sections distinguished on the basis of the hydrology and the degree of water pollution, the occurrence of different indicator species was determined in the respective diatom assemblages. Indicator species were determined, i.e. characteristic of oligosaprobic and mesosaprobic, limestone and silicon-rich waters. Also taxa indicating an increased trophic status of the river (occurring in its polluted sections) were identified.

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Diatom indices in the biological assessment of the water quality based on the example of a small lowland river

Szczepocka E., Szulc B., Szulc K., Rakowska B., Żelazna-Wieczorek J.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2014

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Vol. 43, No. 3

265--273

EN

The aim of the study was to compare the biological analyzes of the Linda River (Central Poland), which were based on three diatom indices: IO, GDI and IPS in order to select the best diatom index for the biological assessment of the lotic water quality. Additionally, the summary of the selected results of the biological and chemical analyzes was presented to show how precise the biological analyzes are as a basic tool in the assessment of the ecological status of the lotic waters. The results showed that each of the indices assessed the water in the Linda River to a specific but different quality class. The IO index showed class II of the water quality, while the IPS and GDI - class III. Statistical analysis conducted with the nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test for independent samples (Kruskal, Wallis 1952) showed that differences in the values of individual indices at different sites were not statistically significant. It should be noticed that the IPS and GDI indices gave values that classify the water in the Linda River at least one class below. The obtained results confirmed that the biological methods are most reliable in the assessment of the water quality. These methods are less sensitive to a single impact of the environmental factors, therefore they permit accurate determination of the ecological status of the water ecosystems.

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The use of benthic diatoms in estimating water quality of variously polluted rivers

Szczepocka E., Szulc B.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2009

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Vol. 38, No.1

17-26

EN

Two rivers situated in Central Poland, the Bzura and the Pilica, were selected for analysis of their water quality using benthic diatom species as indicators. The Bzura River has previously been strongly contaminated with organic pollutants, while the Pilica River has been classified as having good water quality. Samples were collected from nine sites along the Bzura in April 2003 and seven sites along the Pilica in April 2006. The main aims of the study were to determine the dominant diatom species present in the rivers and to assess their usefulness as biological indicators. Water quality of the rivers was estimated on the basis of the SPI - Specific Pollution sensitivity Index (CEMAGREF 1982) and the GDI - Generic Diatom Index (Coste, Ayphassorho 1991) while trophic status was estimated using TDI - Trophic Diatom Index (Kelly, Whitton 1995). Indices determining saprobic water pollution (SPI, GDI) indicated water quality of class III and IV for the Bzura River and class II and III for the Pilica River. The trophic status determined on the basis of the TDI index revealed the Bzura water to be classified in the eutrophic-tohypertrophic zone and that of the Pilica River to the oligo-mesotrophic-to-eutrophic zone. The diatom taxa that dominated in the Bzura River were species that are generally considered to be tolerant and resistant with respect to organic water pollution, including: Cyclotella meneghiniana Kützing, Gomphonema parvulum (Kützing) Kützing, Nitzschia palea (Kützing) W. Smith, Nitzschia paleacea Grunow, Sellaphora pupula (Kützing) Mereschkovsky, Stephanodiscus hantzschii Grunow, Ulnaria ulna (Nitzsch) Compere. In the Pilica River diatoms from groups that are sensitive and tolerant to organic pollution were seen to dominate, such as: Achnanthidium minutissimum (Kützing) Czarnecki, Aulacoseira granulata (Ehrenberg) Simonsen, Cocconeis neodiminuta Krammer, Cocconeis placentula Ehrenberg, Cocconeis placuntula var. lineata (Ehrenberg) Grunow, Cyclotella radiosa (Grunow) Lemmermann, Fragilaria crotonensis Kitton, Geissleria decussis (Řestrup) Lange-Bertalot et Metzeltin, Melosira varians Agardh, Navicula reichardtiana Lange-Bertalot, Planothidium frequentissimum (Lange-Bertalot) Lange-Bertalot, Pseudostaurosira brevistriata (Grunow) Williams & Round, Rhoicosphenia abbreviata (Agardh) Lange-Bertalot and Staurosira pinnata Ehrenberg.

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Diatom indices and stream typology in Estonia

Vilbaste S., Järvekülg R., Pall P., Piirsoo K., Trei T., Viik M.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2004

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Vol. 33, No. 1

3--10

EN

This paper deals with the use of diatom indices in the assessment of streams in Estonia. The problem addressed is how rational it is to determine different types of streams or stream reaches based on diatom research. At the moment, there are five different typologies of running waters in Estonia, two of which are analyzed here. Diatom indices can be employed to assess the ecological quality of water but not the status or type of stream. The most promising diatom indices for such assessment are the Trophic Diatom Index, Watanabe Index, Descy Index, and Schiefele & Schreiner Index.

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Using benthic diatom communities and diatom indices to assess water pollution in the Puck Bay (southern Baltic Sea) littoral zone

Bogaczewicz-Adamczak B., Dziengo M.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2003

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Vol. 32, No. 4

131-157

EN

The subject of the study were the benthic diatom communities of the Puck Bay littoral zone. Samples of the sediments were taken from sites situated near the sewage treatment plant at Swarzewo from June 1998 to May 1999. The analysis of the species composition and the relative percentages of the diatom indicative groups were used to evaluate water quality. The following ecological factors were taken into consideration: salinity, trophic status and saprobity. Following Lange–Bertalot (1979), water quality was classified based on a 5-degree scale of saprobity. It was correlated to the percentages of the sensitive, tolerant and resistant diatoms taxa and their reaction to organic matter content. The water quality evaluation was tested with the diatom indices using Omnidia 3 software. The results of the diatom studies indicate that the dominating groups were the oligohalobous and mesohalobous taxa, which are characteristic of eutrophic waters and contain biogenic compounds, mainly nitrogen and phosphorus. The most abundant groups in the saprobic spectrum were the resistant (á-mesosaprobic, polysaprobic) and tolerant (β-mesosaprobic, β/α-mesosaprobic) diatoms, which are indicators of water purity class II (III), and in summer, predominantly class III. The comparison of the results of diatom analysis of the Puck Bay microphytobenthos obtained with the Lange–Bertalot (1979) method and those acquired with Omnidia 3 software demonstrates the possibility of applying it to evaluate environmental status and assess polluted brackish waters.