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Water for Human Consumption in Rural Areas Worldwide: A Systematic Review of the Presence of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp.

Silva Débora Pereira da, Sousa Andressa Caroline de, Scalize Paulo Sergio

Journal of Ecological Engineering

2023

Vol. 24, nr 12

29--45

Reports of gastrointestinal disease outbreaks caused by pathogenic protozoans in rural areas are still small in numbers. This study has evaluated, at global level, the parasitological contamination by Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp., of water resources used as sources for human consumption in rural areas, spanning from 1994 to 2022. For such, a systematic review was conducted, following the PRISMA guidelines, applying a descriptive and statistical analysis to the data. A total of 29 eligible articles reported contamination in 90 different springs spread throughout six continents. It was possible to see a greater tendency of giardiasis outbreak occurrences in water coming from surface springs in countries with higher HDI (above 0.8), justified by the lack of data in countries with other HDIs. The water sources intended for human supply in rural areas are susceptible to parasitological contamination, especially in Asia and Oceania. In spite of the fact that there have been no reports regarding giardiasis outbreaks in the reviewed studies, it is important to notice that the concentration of pathogens may have been greater due to the low recovery of the methods of detection. Therefore, it is advisable to conduct more studies about the contamination of water resources in rural areas, as well as the adoption of prevention measures regarding waterborne diseases, such as boiling water.

Diagnostyka mikrobiologiczna w zakażeniach przewodu pokarmowego

Guz K., Bugla-Płoskońska G.

Laboratorium - Przegląd Ogólnopolski

2008

nr 10

50--55

Zakażenia i zatrucia pokarmowe stanowią jedno z wielu poważnych problemów zdrowotnych na całym świecie. Najczęstszymi czynnikami schorzeń żołądkowo-jelitowych i biegunek są enterotropowe wirusy oraz chorobotwórcze bakterie: przede wszystkim Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., patogenne szczepy Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae oraz Yersinia enterocolitica. Na całym świecie, choć nierównomiernie, notuje się wzrost zatruć pokarmowych wywołanych przez spożycie skażonej żywności egzotoksynami Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli EHEC, w mniejszym stopniu Clostridium botulinum. W diagnostyce biegunek i zatruć pokarmowych można zastosować różne metody, w tym hodowlane, serologiczne czy genetyczne. Wybór metod diagnostycznych często podyktowany jest zakresem badań, stanem klinicznym pacjenta i wyposażeniem laboratoriów w sprzęt diagnostyczny.

lnfections of gastrointestinal system and food-borne diseases are a significant worldwide health problem. The gastroenterocolitis and diarrhea in human are commonly caused by enterotropic viruses, mainly rota- and adenoviruses, as well as enteropathogenic bacteria: Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae and Yersinia enterocolitica. The increase of food-borne diseases induced by consumption of food contaminated by Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus and E. coli EHEC exotoxins, though rarer by Clostridium botulinum, is observed all over the world. The culture and serological methods as well as genetic techniques are used more often in diagnostic of diarrhea and infection of gastrointestinal system.