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PL
Monitorowanie stanu elementów napędu elektrycznego pojazdów elektrycznych jest kluczowym zagadnieniem w celu zapewnienia jak największej bezawaryjności maszyny oraz służy zminimalizowaniu kosztów związanych z ewentualnymi usterkami czy awariami. Artykuł przedstawia koncepcję systemu monitorującego wybrane sygnały diagnostyczne za pomocą kart pomiarowych oraz sensorów telefonu komórkowego – smartfonu. Badania przeprowadzono na pokładzie tramwaju miejskiego, gdzie monitorowano pracę silników indukcyjnych klatkowych będącymi głównymi elementami układu napędowego. Zebrane dane przy pomocy karty pomiarowej i czujników smartfonu, zestawiono i porównano w celu wyciągnięcia wniosków diagnostycznych.
EN
Monitoring the condition of the electric drive components of electric vehicles is a key issue in order to ensure the greatest possible uptime of the machine and is used to minimize the costs associated with possible faults or failures. The article presents the concept of a system for monitoring selected diagnostic signals with the use of measurement cards and sensors of a mobile phone - smartphone. The tests were carried out on board a city tram where the squirrel cage induction motors, which are the main elements of the drive system, was monitored. The data collected with the measurement card and smartphone sensors were summarized and compared to draw diagnostic conclusions.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono metodę diagnostyczną silników indukcyjnych klatkowych polegającą na korelacji danych uzyskanych podczas pomiarów termowizyjnych, pomiarów wibracji oraz obciążenia elektrycznego. Prezentowane podejście wykorzystuje przyrządy pomiarowe współdziałające z urządzeniami mobilnymi umożliwiającymi przesyłanie danych pomiarowych do chmury danych. W dokumencie przedstawiono przykładowe wyniki zaprezentowane w czasie wdrożenia sytemu diagnostycznego na linii produkcyjnej w zakładzie lakierniczym. Sformułowano wnioski dotyczące możliwości zastosowania tego rodzaju pomiarów do wspomagania predykcyjnego utrzymania ruchu.
EN
This paper presents the diagnostic of method cage induction motors consisting correlation of data obtained during measurement of infrared, vibration and electrical load. Presented approach uses measuring devices interact with mobile devices to enable transmission of measurement data to the cloud. This document provides examples of the results presented during the implementation of the diagnostic system on the production line at the painting factory. Conclusions were drawn regarding the applicability of this type of measurement to support predictive maintenance.
3
Content available remote Diagnostyka silników indukcyjnch dwuklatkowych z uszkodzonymi prętami
PL
Z punktu widzenia niezawodności napędów elektrycznych diagnostyka silników indukcyjnych, zwłaszcza dużej mocy, jest obecnie ważnym zagadnieniem eksploatacyjnym. W związku z tym obserwuje się w ostatnich latach duże zainteresowanie tą tematyką. Powstało wiele publikacji, w których poddaje się analizie dostępne sygnały diagnostyczne (np. przebiegi czasowe prądów stojana, drgania maszyny) i na ich podstawie dokonuje się oceny stopnia uszkodzenia wirnika. Proponuje się zastosowanie filtrów pasmowych, analizę FFT, STFT, analizę falkową, sztuczne sieci neuronowe, filtry Kalmana i inne [1–10]. Dominująca cześć publikacji dotyczy silników z wirnikiem jednoklatkowym, niewiele prac poświęcono silnikom z wirnikiem dwuklatkowym [10]. W tym przypadku możliwe są uszkodzenia prętów klatki pracy lub klatki rozruchowej oraz pierścieni zwierających. Rozważyć należałoby również przypadki, w których wirnik ma wspólny lub oddzielny pierścień dla klatki pracy i klatki rozruchowej.
EN
The paper presents the results of circuit-field calculations of induction motor with broken bars of lower cage and upper cage. Static characteristics of the motor for different cases of rotor asymmetry were compared. Stator current was used as a diagnostic signal to evaluate the degree of rotor damage. Bandpass filters of Mathcad program were used to separate additional components generated in the stator current at the asymmetry of rotor.
PL
Omówiono jakim badaniom winno się poddawać silniki indukcyjne w napędach elektrownianych. Szczególną uwagę zwrócono na silniki WN klatkowe w napędach potrzeb własnych. Przedstawiono potrzebę badań symulacyjnych i warunki jakie muszą być spełnione aby ich wyniki były wiarygodne. Zwrócono uwagę na eksploatacyjne pomiary diagnostyczne pozwalające na ocenę stanu silników i przydatność do dalszej pracy. Pokazano możliwości jakie w tym zakresie stwarzają: badania stanu izolacji napięciem stałym, badania stanu konstrukcji mechanicznej stojana pobudzeniem przez impuls elektromagnetyczny.
EN
The paper presents selected diagnostic tests which will be performed on induction motors used in electric drives in power plants[1, 2, 3]. In dynamic states, such as start-up, re-connection, etc., a rapid increase in the current and electromagnetic internal forces acting in the motor can occur. The dynamic states can cause a damage of the machine. There are proposed some dynamic simulation studies of electric drives as a method of diagnosing the causes of damage. The mathematical model of the induction machine (Section 2) [4, 5] [7, 8] is presented. There is also cited, previously developed by one of the authors [6], the method for determining the electromagnetic parameters of the model. In order to show the usefulness of the method, a comparison of measurements and calculations of some examples of dynamic processes is performed (Fig. 2). It concerns the energy-efficient induction motors [9] (Section 3). An example of comparison of the stator currents of energy-efficient motors obtained from simulating the dynamics of their start-up is presented in Fig. 5. It was noted that the damage of the rotor cage (Section 4) after improving the design of cages [10] and simplifying the methods for diagnosing the state of frames [11] [14] ceased to be a frequent cause of the induction motor damages. Measurements of the insulation state by constant voltage excitation, introduced by T. Glinka [12, 13] and widely used in power industry [14], are discussed in Section 5 (Fig. 6). The ways of estimating the insulation state are presented in [14, 15]. The usefulness of this method was proved on the motors activated after the flood [16]. The methods for testing the winding insulation are listed [17, 18, 19, 20]. The possibility of diagnosing the state of mechanical structures (housing, fixing, packages, etc.) by the method of stimulating with an electromagnetic pulse is also shown (Section 6). [14, 21].In the conclusions (Section 7) the necessity of dynamic simulation testing to verify the correctness of the selection of engines and to forecast the damages of engines is emphasized. The method for testing the winding insulation and the diagnosing of the state of mechanical structures by an electromagnetic pulse are assumed to be the ones of the future and development. The problem of diagnosing rolling bearing is not taken into consideration in the paper.
EN
The moving rms stator current signal can be used in diagnostics of induction motor. The results of using of this signal in diagnostics of induction motor have been presented in this paper. It has been used the moving rpm for analysis different damages of induction motor and perform review of results to use this signal in diagnostics on start-up. Dynamical model of this machine calculates harmonics of stator, rotor and stator-rotor inductances accounting for only global saturation of the air-gap region. The model considered various rotational speeds of the rotor.
EN
Electric induction motors with squirrel-cage rotors are most widely used in the industry as electric machines driving other devices. This results from many reasons, among others, from their affordable price and fairly high reliability. The most popular are 6 kV motors, i.e. high-voltage motors that that drive the most important machine units. The article presents principles of operation of these motors in the industry and discusses methods of operation: - operation until failure occurrence, - planned and preventive operation, - operation dependent on a machine condition. The paper demonstrates conditions of appropriate motor operation in the industry. It also discusses the concept of “motor life” in industrial drives and types of their damages as well as damage statistics.
EN
The paper presents basic issues related to diagnosis of winding insulation in electric machines, in particular high-voltage squirrel-cage induction motors. This paper is the result of a long cooperation of the author with domestic industry within the scope of electric machine diagnosis, including in particular operating three-phase induction motors. The paper can be used for practical purposes. The presented diagnostic methods developed by the author or other persons have been tested in laboratory conditions and then verified in industrial environment.
EN
It is possible to execute diagnostics of induction motor on the basis of the moving rms stator current signal in cases of non-sinusoidal supplying. The results of using of this signal in diagnostics of induction motor supplied by non-symmetrical, sinusoidal 3-phase voltage have been presented in this paper. It has been used the moving rpm for analysis different damages of induction motor and perform review of results to use this signal in diagnostics. Dynamical model of this machine calculates harmonics of stator, rotor and stator-rotor inductances accounting for only global saturation of the air-gap region. The model considered various rotational speeds of the rotor.
EN
In this paper, the realization of a distributed measuring system is presented. The so called Tele-Measuring System (TMS) is developed at our University. As for data transmission via TMS, the Internet and the Ethernet networks are used as inexpensive reliable links. The measuring process requires installation of suitable sensors or actuators. In our case, we used the Hall effect converters (LEM), which convert the measured values of currents to voltage. The implementation of the LEM sensors in the Ethernet network requires an installation of a new smart device (data collector) that has an A/D converter, microcontroller with data flash and a LAN controller with embedded WEB server in one small package. The data collectors equipped in Ethernet 10Base-T adapters with RJ-45 connectors allow to build local measuring networks in star topology up to 100m distance between measuring object and nearest hub or switch. This board makes many measuring applications imaginable. Think of a diagnostic that can be easily controlled using either special front-end software and comfortable Internet browser from anywhere around the World. The detailed TMS elements design is described in this article.
EN
The article presents an industrial application of high voltage induction motor on-line measurement. The paper contains an analysis of different diagnostics methods. The results indicate that these on-line methods are both useful. Partial Discharge (PD) on-line measurement is a recognized testing method for identification of deterioration of stator winding insulation of high voltage rotating machines such as hydraulic generators, high-speed turbine generators and large motors.
EN
It is possible to execute diagnostics of induction motor on the basis of the moving rms stator current signal in cases of non-sinusoidal supplying. The results of using of this signal in diagnostics of induction motor supplied by symmetrical, sinusoidal 3-phase voltage have been presented in this paper. It has been used the moving rpm for analysis different damages of induction motor and perform review of results to use this signal in diagnostics in those conditions of supplying. Dynamical model of this machine calculates harmonics of stator, rotor and stator-rotor inductances accounting for only global saturation of the air-gap region. The model considered various rotational speeds of the rotor.
EN
This paper describes advantages of using Continuous Wavelet Transform in startup current analysis of induction motors. The main attention is payed to short time startups. Results of using CWT for the same machine but with various startup duration are shown. Article also shows results of experiments with own invented wavelet. Investigations of own wavelet is focused on finding shape which is close to diagnostic signal. Wavelet which mach closely to desired waveform of signal should be sensitive to this special component in whole analysing signal. Such wavelet could be very useful in automatic diagnosing.
EN
A fast development of the computer based diagnostic and data acquisition systems as well as ever falling cost of various types of sensors and converters, together with the possibility of data transmission via various telecommunication systems, create an opportunity to build and to implement the diagnostic systems for the induction motors. This paper presents a concept of a Diagnostic Center for diagnosis of induction motors. We propose a distributed measuring system so called "telemeasuring" system which supporting diagnostic services located in a specialized Diagnostic Center. As for data transmission, the Internet and the LAN networks are used as inexpensive links, as it is more cost efficient to provide a remote the maintenance of the diagnostic service. The concept of the diagnostic system takes into consideration, on one hand the database of diagnostic patterns, on the other hand the database of archival measurements taken while using the machine. The functioning blocks of the diagnostic inference subsystem (the main element of Diagnostic Center) are presented. The realization of the Measuring Server WWW (the main element of distributed measuring system located in Diagnostic Center) is also described in detail in this article.
EN
This paper presents a diagnostic conclusion block, based on a fuzzy logie approach. It proposes implementation of a decision making, algorithm based diagnostic system, in order to achieve an uninterrupted work cycle of the squirrel cage motor drives. The diagnostic conclusion interface has been designed on the basis of the diagnostic data, obtained from the analysis of the phase currents spectra and symmetrical components of the currents spectra. Indicators for the diagnostic evaluation have been selected on the basis of the solutions of the mathematical model of the motor, which takes into consideration the eccentricity of the rotor. The principle of work of the diagnostic conclusion block designed to evaluate the state of the rotor has been presented for a selected motor. Artificial intelligence, including fuzzy logie, applied in the conclusion systems increases the system's ability to derive characteristic relationships and correlations, which are not recognizable by traditional diagnostic methods, thus giving a higher possibility of forming a correct diagnosis. This is especially important in situations, when the correct interpretation of the measurement data and the diagnostic indicators requires knowledge, coming from the engineering experience.
EN
This paper presents a procedure of acquisition of diagnostic signals, needed for a comprehensive diagnostics of squirrel cage motors. The is data obtained from a Data Acquisition Card (DAQ), measuring transducers and a database. The procedure allows the measurements of the required quantities and data transfer to the server via the LAN Network or the Internet. Basic diagnostic signals required to evaluate the condition of the squirrel cage motor are three phase currents and phase voltages feeding the stator of the machine, measured at the same instant. The system delivers data needed to the comprehensive diagnostic of the squirrel cage motors, especially the ones used to detect faults which are difficult to recognize without simultaneous measurements of motor currents and control of a stator voltage symmetry. Simultaneous measurement of the three currents and the three voltages is necessary for the diagnostic methods, based on the analysis of the specific features of the motor currents component's spectrum described by the authors. This paper contains examples of the diagnostic signal analysis collected and stored with the use of the developed data acquisition system.
EN
The article presents an application of diagnostic insulation high voltage induction motor off-line in industry. The paper contains an analysis of different diagnostics methods. It the usefulness of method was has talked over was in peculiarity using measurements PI, C, DD i SV - Polarization Index Testing, Capacitance, Dielectric Discharge Testing, Step Voltage Testing. The examples of results of measurements state isolation interesting industrial cases were passed.
PL
Omówiono badania diagnostyczne obwodów stojanów silników indukcyjnych nn, WNJ oraz stojanów generatorów synchronicznych. Przedstawiono metody śledzenia procesu starzenia izolacji oraz przewidywania momentu jej uszkodzenia. Na podstawie przeprowadzonych pomiarów opracowano syntetyczny współczynnik jakości izolacji, przydatny do oceny stanu izolacji maszyn elektrycznych.
EN
Diagnostic examinations of the circuits of stators of low-voltage and high-voltage induction motors and also stators of synchronous generators. Methods of observing the process of ageing of insuiation and determining the time of its getting damaged. Basing on the measurements made there has been worked out a synthetic factor of quality of insuiation, useful for assessment of the statc of insuiation of electric machines.
18
Content available remote Fuzzy approach for induction motor fault diagnosis
EN
This paper is concerned in the motor fault detection and diagnosis. Using fuzzy logic strategy, a better understanding of the heuristics underlying the motor fault detection/diagnosis process can be achieved. The proposed fuzzy approach is based on the stator currents Park's vector pattern. Stator currents in an induction motor were measured, recorded and employed for computation of the stator currents Park's vector pattern under different operating conditions. Simulated experimental results are presented in terms of motor fault detection accuracy and knowledge extraction feasibility. The results show the effectiveness of the proposed method.
PL
Artykuł poświęcony jest problematyce diagnostyki uszkodzeń silników. Zastosowanie logiki zbiorów rozmytych prowadzi do lepszego zrozumienia praktycznych metod detekcji i diagnozowania uszkodzeń. Proponowane zastosowanie zbiorów rozmytych oparte jest o Parkowskie wykresy wektorowe prądów stojana. Dokonano pomiarów i rejestracji przebiegu tych prądów i przeanalizowano wykresy Parka w różnych stanach pracy silników. Badania symulacyjne prowadzono pod kątem skuteczności i dokładności proponowanej metody w detekcji i diagnostyce uszkodzeń. Rezultaty wskazują, że metoda jest efektywna.
19
Content available remote Badania diagnostyczne silników indukcyjnych stosowanych w energetyce zawodowej
PL
W opracowaniu przedstawiono zastosowanie metody diagnostycznej, określającej stan izolacji silników indukcyjnych wysokiego napięcia dużych i średnich mocy przez pomiary układu izolacyjnego napięciem stałym, do napędów elektrownianych.
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