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Możliwości zastosowania materiałów wybuchowych pochodzących z deelaboracji amunicji do prowadzenia prac strzałowych

Buczkowski Daniel

Kruszywa : produkcja - transport - zastosowanie

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2021

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Nr 1

35--39

PL

W artykule przedstawiono rodzaje znajdujących się w amunicji materiałów wybuchowych i możliwości ich odzyskania. Omówiono stosowane w technice cywilnej materiały wybuchowe o prostej technologii wytwarzania i możliwości użycia materiałów wybuchowych pochodzących z deelaboracji amunicji do wytwarzania przemysłowych materiałów wybuchowych.

EN

The paper presents the types of explosives contained in ammunition and possibilities of their recovering. Explosives characterised by simple manufacturing technology that are used in civil engineering as well as possibilities of applying explosives obtained from the delaboration of ammunition to manufacture industrial explosives have been discussed. The tests of explosives obtained from delaborated ammunition have demonstrated their strong detonation properties and have indicated that they should be used for manufacturing industrial explosives.

2

Detonation Characteristics of Gaseous Isopropyl Nitrate at High Concentrations

Zeng Linghui, Liang Huimin, Zhang Qi

Central European Journal of Energetic Materials

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2021

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Vol. 18, no. 2

245--270

EN

Isopropyl nitrate (IPN) is a component of propellant fuel. High concentrations of IPN can still produce detonation. To date, very limited literature is available regarding high concentrations of IPN detonations. The detonation pressure is related to the equivalence ratio and density of IPN/air mixtures. These two factors have opposing effects on the detonation of an IPN/air mixture. The detonation characteristics of gaseous IPN/air mixtures at high concentrations (300-4000 g/m3) have been studied numerically. The results showed that when the IPN concentration is 300-600 g/m3, density played a dominant role on detonation. The maximum detonation pressure, 2.81 MPa, and the maximum detonation velocity, 1890 m/s, occurred at a concentration of 600 g/m3 (equivalence ratio Φ = 2.15). When the IPN concentration was increased from 300 to 600 g/m3, the peak overpressure and velocity increased by 19.6% and 6.2%, respectively. When the IPN concentration is higher than 600 g/m3, the equivalence ratio is extremely large and the detonation properties were seriously degraded. An analysis of the detonation products illustrated the burn-off rate of high concentrations of IPN and the influence of the detonation product CH3CHO. At a concentration of 600 g/m3, the IPN/air mixture can achieve optimal detonation properties and fuel economy.

3

Explosive Properties of 4,4’,5,5’-Tetranitro-2,2’-bi-1H-imidazole Dihydrate

Lewczuk R., Szala M., Rećko J., Cudziło S., Klapötke T. M., Trzciński W. A., Szymańczyk L.

Central European Journal of Energetic Materials

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2016

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Vol. 13, no. 3

612--626

EN

This paper reports measured explosive properties of 4,4’,5,5’-tetranitro-2,2’-bi-1H-imidazole dihydrate (TNBI•2H2O). Non-isothermal kinetics analysis, calorimetric measurements, detonability tests, small-scale shock reactivity tests (SSRT), detonation velocity measurements and cylinder tests were performed. The results of the cylinder tests were used to determine the acceleration ability of TNBI•2H2O. Some experiments were conducted also with TNT, NTO, FOX-7 and RDX. Our experimental studies have shown that TNBI•2H2O is a thermodynamically stable compound, surpassing TNT with regard to its energetic and detonation parameters. The results of the SSRT indicate that this material has better performance in small charges than RDX, FOX-7 and NTO.

4

A Study of the Detonation Properties, Propellant Impulses, Impact Sensitivities and Synthesis of Nitrated ANTA and NTO Derivatives

Jensen T. L., Moxnes J. F., Kjønstad E. F., Unneberg E.

Central European Journal of Energetic Materials

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2016

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Vol. 13, no. 2

445--467

EN

Nitrated derivatives of 5-amino-3-nitro-1,2,4-triazole (ANTA) and 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO) were theoretically characterized with respect to their performance as high explosives and rocket propellants. The detonation velocity and the detonation pressure of the derivatives, calculated with EXPLO5 software, were at the same level or slightly above the performance of 1,3,5-trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX). The results showed that compositions of 1,3,4-trinitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one and glycidyl azide polymer (GAP) could give specific impulses just above 2600 m/s in rocket propellants. The sensitivities of the derivatives were evaluated using their heats of detonation, CHNO-ratios, free space in the crystal lattice and N−NO2 bond dissociation energy. The stability and sensitivity of several of the derivatives could be poor due to the low N−NO2 bond dissociation energies. The N−NO2 bond dissociation energies in the derivatives were calculated to be between 41 and 296 kJ/mol when the M06-2X/6-311+G(2d,p) functional was used. Synthetic routes for the most stable derivatives were proposed. In addition, preliminary studies of the chloride-assisted nitrolysis of NTO were performed. The infrared spectrum of the NTO derivative indicated that N−NO2 bonds were formed.

5

Synthesis and Theoretical Studies of a New High Explosive, N,N,-Bis(3-aminofurazan-4-yl)-4,4´-diamino- 2,2´,3,3´,5,5´,6,6´-octanitroazobenzene

Jing S., Liu Y., Liu D., Guo J.

Central European Journal of Energetic Materials

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2015

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Vol. 12, no. 4

745--755

EN

A new high energy, low sensitivity material N,N,-bis(3-aminofurazan- 4-yl)-4,4´-diamino-2,2´,3,3´,5,5´,6,6´-octanitroazobenzene (BAFDAONAB) was synthesized from 4-chlorobenzoic acid and diaminofurazan. The structure of BAFDAONAB was characterized by FT-IR, NMR and Elemental Analyses and its purity was determined by HPLC. The optimized structure and thermodynamic parameters were obtained at the DFT- B3LYP/6-31+G** theoretical level. Its detonation properties were also predicted by the formulae of Kamlet-Jacobs and the Monte-Carlo method. The results show that the density, heat of formation, detonation velocity, detonation pressure, impact sensitivity and purity were 1.93 g/cm3, 4487.44 kJ/mol, 9.01 km/s, 35.03 GPa, 63 cm and 99.3%, respectively. In addition, the compound was an insensitive high explosive which could meet the requirements of high energetic materials.

6

Explosive Properties of Mixtures of Ammonium Nitrate(V) and Materials of Plant Origin – Danger of Unintended Explosion

Buczkowski D.

Central European Journal of Energetic Materials

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2014

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Vol. 11, no. 1

115--127

EN

The addition of many organic substances decreases the thermal stability and increases the explosive properties of ammonium nitrate(V). In order to determine how very material of plant origin would increase the risk of decomposition and explosion of ammonium nitrate(V), tests using the DTA method and the detonation properties were performed. The materials tested were milled ammonium nitrate(V) mixed with wheat flour, hard coal, rape seeds or wood dust. It was found that all of the mixtures tested decompose at significantly lower temperatures than ammonium nitrate(V) and ANFO explosive. Some of them decompose close to the melting temperature of ammonium nitrate(V) and their decomposition is violent. All of the mixtures tested are cap sensitive and some of them have smaller critical diameters than ANFO. The detonation velocities of the mixtures are lower than the detonation velocity of ANFO, but significantly higher than that of ammonium nitrate(V).

7

Computational Characterization of Two Di-1,2,3,4-tetrazine Tetraoxides, DTTO and iso-DTTO, as Potential Energetic Compounds

Politzer P., Lane P., Murray J. S.

Central European Journal of Energetic Materials

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2013

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Vol. 10, no. 1

37--52

EN

Abstract: The isomeric di-1,2,3,4-tetrazine tetraoxides DTTO and iso-DTTO have aroused considerable interest in recent years as potential energetic compounds, due to their predicted high densities and heats of formation and superior detonation properties. While neither has yet been synthesized, it has been suggested that the N→O linkages on alternate nitrogens will have a stabilizing effect. In the present study, we have reassessed the expected properties of DTTO and iso-DTTO. We fnd their anticipated detonation velocities and detonation pressures to be improved over HMX and similar to CL-20. The molecular surface electrostatic potentials of DTTO and iso-DTTO are consistent with the proposed stabilizing infuence of the N→O bonds. Furthermore, estimates of the available free space in the crystal lattices indicate that DTTO and iso-DTTO may be signifcantly less sensitive to impact than either HMX or CL-20.

8

Detonation Properties of Mixtures of Ammonium Nitrate Based Fertilizers and Fuels

Buczkowski D., Zygmunt B.

Central European Journal of Energetic Materials

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2011

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Vol. 8, nr 2

99-106

EN

Detonation properties of mixtures of milled ammonium nitrate based fertilizers and fuels - aluminium or mineral oil - have been determined. The fertilizers used were ammonium nitrate and its compositions with mineral meal; for some compositions additional amount of mineral meal was mixed with the fertilizer. Detonation velocity, Guerney's energy and limits of detonability of such mixtures have been measured. It was examined that mixtures of mineral oil and fertilizers containing over 20% of mineral meal detonated during the tests. Mixtures of aluminium and fertilizers detonated even if concentration of mineral meal in the fertilizers was 40%.