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1

FEM simulation of a novel medical device for TMJ therapy

Kwieciński K., Żmudzki Jarosław, Chladek G., Popielski P., Kowalczyk M., Duraj E., Sołtysiak-Niedziela M.

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 122, nr 1

34--41

EN

Purpose: Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) are one of the leading health problems in dentistry. The work aimed to evaluate, using FEM, the influence of the material elastic properties of the flexible obstacle of the tongue trainer on the range of deflection and strength. Design/methodology/approach: In prototyping the trainer tongue, the starting point was real models with different extents of the tongue obstacle. moulded from dental wax on a dental stone model. Then versions were tested intraorally for the perception of the space occupied by the tongue. The models were scanned on a 3D scanner, and then a parametric CAD model (NX Siemens) was made on their basis. Finally, in order to take into account, the anatomical aspects, the two extreme ranges of the tongue obstacle, named "Long " and " Short ", were developed. Simulation deflection and material strength tests were made using FEM in the linear range (NX Siemens). Calculations were made for materials with Young's modulus equal to 8 MPa, 80 MPa and 800 MPa. The interaction of the tongue with the force of 5N was assumed. The support was provided by the retention surface on the teeth, with the support of the posterior edge of the obstacle on the palate (palatal variant) or lack of support, i.e., the obstacle freely bending in this area (free variant), was additionally tested. In order to assess the drop or retention of the trainer on the teeth, the second type of simulation was performed with the assumption of horizontal (anteriorly directed) tongue pressure with the force of 10N for the condition of rigid support in the area of the teeth and the periodontal zone from the lingual side. In this variant, a simulation was adopted for a material with a modulus of elasticity E=80 MPa. Findings: The stress values of the flexible obstacle of the trainer were obtained, allowing for the selection of potentially valuable materials for the trainer's construction. The results obtained in the simulations indicate the possibility of using ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) and its blends. The accumulation of saliva inside the sealed obstacle was found, which indicated the need to look for an area to perforate without losing the load capacity of the obstacle. The structural feasibility of solving the problem of saliva accumulation without a significant change in the load capacity and stiffness of the obstacle was confirmed by simulation. Research limitations/implications: Simplifying the model to a linear range does not allow buckling analysis. In addition, the assumption of a linear material further limits the possibility of analysing materials with softening and plateau characteristics, where the compliance of the structure leads to elastic buckling. Practical implications: The range of deflections and stresses for different stiffness of the elastic element of the trainer was determined in order to select the appropriate material for the medical device (MD). Polyurethanes or silicones provide the range of deflection and strength, but in the case of manufacturing prefabricated trainers thermoformed in the patient's mouth (maximum temperature 75°C), the material that can be used is ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA). Originality/value: Simulation tests made it possible to determine the range of deflections and stress for different stiffness of the flexible obstacle of the trainer in order to select the appropriate material for the medical device.

2

Bond strength of modern self-adhesive resin cements to human dentin and different CAD/CAM ceramics

Małysa Andrzej, Weżgowiec Joanna, Danel Dariusz, Boening Klaus, Walczak Katarzyna, Więckiewicz Mieszko

Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics

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2020

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Vol. 22, no. 2

25--34

EN

The aim of the study was to evaluate the shear bond strength of CAD/CAM ceramics to dentin after cementation with conventional or self-adhesive resin cements. Methods: Three self-adhesive, self-etching cements (Panavia SA, RelyX U200, Maxcem Elite), and one conventional cement (Panavia V5), were selected to lute three CAD/CAM ceramics (IPS Empress CAD, IPS e.max CAD, IPS e.max ZirCAD) onto the dentin. The bond strength was evaluated using a shear strength test according to the PN-EN ISO 29022:2013-10. Evaluation of the differences was performed using the Statistica software. Failure modes were analyzed using a light microscope. Results: All the studied cements differed (regardless of the ceramic type) in the bond strength. The highest bond strength was observed in Panavia V5, lower – in RelyX U200 and Panavia SA, and the lowest – in Maxcem. For IPS e.max ZirCAD, it was observed that compared to Panavia V5, the other cements were characterized by a significantly higher bond strength. For the IPS Empress CAD and the IPS e.max CAD, Panavia V5 displayed the highest bond strength. For all the studied self-adhesive cements, the failure of adhesion between the cement and dentin was predominant mode. Conclusions: Significant differences were found in the shear bond strengths of the CAD/CAM ceramics luted to dentin using tested self-adhesive and conventional cements. The bond strength depended on the combination of ceramic and cement. The IPS e.max ZirCAD had the highest bond strength to dentin after cementation with RelyX U200, while the IPS Empress CAD and IPS e.max CAD – with Panavia V5.

3

The effect of decontamination procedures on elastic polymeric materials used in dental mouthguards fabrication

Mańka-Malara Katarzyna, Panasiewicz APaulina, Kacprzyk Milena, Gawryszewska Monika, Mierzwińska-Nastalska Elżbieta, Gawlak Dominika

Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics

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2019

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Vol. 21, no. 4

63--71

EN

Mouthguards are commonly used in the prevention of head and mouth injuries in many sport disciplines. Elastic polymeric materials used in their fabrication absorb the energy of impact. However, decontamination procedures may cause damage to their surface causing deterioration of their properties and favouring pathogen colonization. The aim of the study was to determine the impact of different cleaning methods on mouthguard materials, surface quality. Methods: The material for the research consisted of 81 samples made from polymeric materials used for custom mouthguard fabrication – Impak, Corflex Orthodontic and Erkoflex. Samples were viewed under a scanning electron microscope after exposure to different cleaning methods. Results: Statistical analysis of tested decontamination procedures and disinfecting agents showed statistically important ( p < 0.05) results for the presence of small and big separated pieces, grooves and holes. Out of all the cases the lowest indicator for occurrence was in the disinfecting spray – Aftermat. Conclusions: Considering the importance of the surface material of the mouthguard, disinfection should be the method of choice for maintaining its hygiene. Impak material samples, cleaned with the Aftermat spray, showed the lowest range of damage.

4

Influence of dental materials on hardness and Young’s modulus of the surface layers of tooth enamel formed as a result of friction

Wojda Sylwia, Sajewicz Eugeniusz

Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics

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2019

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Vol. 21, no. 1

129--139

EN

The purpose of this work was to determine the influence of dental materials used as permanent fillings on the mechanical properties of the tooth enamel surface layer subjected to friction with these materials. Methods: Dental composite materials (five types) were differentiated in terms of size and shape of the filler particles and matrix type over the course of tests on the chewing simulator under two different loads set during friction. Next, it was measured values of wear and nanoindentation for the resulting friction rates on the enamel (3 different load ranges). Results: It was found that the enamel’s resistance to tribological wear is significantly higher than that of the tested dental materials. It is also important to note that, depending on the penetration depth of the indenter (depends on the indenter pressure), different hardness values and Young’s modulus of enamel were obtained after friction with different dental materials. This demonstrates the formation of a surface layer with different properties than the native material. Conclusions: Analysis of the obtained results suggests the existence of different tribological wear mechanisms, as evidenced by significant differences in the wear values of dental materials and enamel. The data show that the enamel surface layer modified by the contacting dental material is shaped to a certain depth, and different thickness ranges of the changed layer have different properties.

5

Influence of Chemical Composition on the Properties of Experimental Silicone-Based Soft Lining Composites

Jabłońska-Stencel E., Pakieła W., Żmudzki J., Kasperski J., Chladek G.

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2018

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Vol. 63, iss. 3

1371--1377

EN

The paper analyses the influence of chemical composition of silicone-based composites on their properties in the aspect of using them as long-term soft denture lining materials. Different concentrations of filler and methylhydrosiloxane-dimethylsiloxane copolymer were used. The filler was introduced into the composite with mechanical mixing combined with ultrasonic homogenization. Scanning electron microscopy was used to investigate the quality of filler dispersion. Shore A hardness, tensile strength, sorption, solubility and tensile bond strength to poly(methyl methacrylate) were measured. Tests show satisfactory results for some experimental composites, which met all the requirements for such materials.

6

Recent advance in appliances and materials enhancing therapy of disorders of the stomatognathic system

Sołtysiak-Niedziela M., Kwieciński K., Żmudzki J.

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

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2018

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Vol. 90, nr 2

74--84

EN

Purpose: Dysfunctions of the stomatognathic system are treated with a lot of appliances. The aim of the work was to evaluate the current state in the field of diagnostic techniques and technological advance in appliances and materials enhancing therapy of occlusion disorders of the stomatognathic system. Design/methodology/approach: The principles of appliances functioning, manufacturing technology and materials were analysed. The analysis was made on the basis of the literature review and patent databases, conducting searches for a combination of keywords: dental material, occlusion, disorder, bruxism, clenching, grinding, appliance, therapy, tongue, oral, exerciser, trainer, mandible muscle, bite splint, dental plate. In the case of principles of functioning, devices that require insertion into the mouth are included in the tests. In technology and materials, attention has been paid to necessity of involving a dental technician or ability to perform appliance intra-orally ("chairside"), as well as mass production with possibility of custom fit. Findings: The most widespread in the treatment of disorders of the stomatognathic system are thermoformed materials and devices that are introduced between the dental arches to counteract occlusions of all teeth or selected teeth or force the position of the mandible in relation to the maxilla. Devices that function differently are those in which therapeutic effects result from toning of activity of the elevating mandibular muscles by provoking activity of the opposing muscles lowering the mandible or reducing intra-oral space, for example, by sublingual plates or tongue trainers. Appliances are mainly manufactured of: poly (ethylene- vinyl acetate) or polycarbonates, as also mouldable polymers such as: acrylics, polyesters and rubbers. Research limitations/implications: Electronic devices that are not intended to therapy but used only to track mandible mobility or muscle activity during sleep were not taken into account. Practical implications: Solutions activating the action of the opposing muscles to the muscles lifting the mandible are few, and among them one device is retained on teeth without interfering in occlusion. Originality/value: Dental materials for dev/ices for treatment of occlusion disorders are selected with no understanding tines influence of elastic and frictional material properties and structures stiffness on the distribution of occlusion forces between the teeth and reactions in temporo-mandibular joints.

7

Tribological characteristics of enamel–dental material contacts investigated in vitro

Wojda S., Szoka B., Sajewicz E.

Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics

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2015

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Vol. 17, no. 1

21--29

EN

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate wear and friction behaviour of tooth enamel against selected dental restorative materials. Methods: The experimental material was obtained under simulated mastication, during which human tooth enamel was subjected to friction and wear in contact with composite dental materials: Estelite Sigma and FulFil Extra. Results: The results have shown that the enamel’s resistance to tribological wear is significantly higher than the resistance of the dental materials tested. The microscopic observations of the sample surfaces subsequent to the tribological research as well as the analysis of the chemical composition of the surface layer confirm the existence of diverse tribological wear mechanisms dependent on the type of dental materials used. Conclusions: Composite materials such as Estellite Sigma and FulFil Extra are characterized by greater resistance to wear and are less destructive to enamel than the material investigated by the authors earlier. It has also been stated that the spherical shape of the filler particles (Estellite Sigma) has a beneficial effect in reducing enamel wear.

8

Comparative analysis of two methods of assessment wear of dental materials

Wojda S.

Acta Mechanica et Automatica

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2015

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Vol. 9, no. 2

105--109

EN

Wear of dental materials used for permanent dental fillings has a significant impact on their lifetime. Wear products generated during chewing process involving direct tribological contact between a composite and tooth enamel can cause damage not only to enamel itself but also to the entire tooth structure thus affecting the patient’s the health. It is essential therefore to assess the process of wear rates as well as the usefulness and effectiveness of the method used to measure these values. As there are a number of different methods used to quantify the loss of dental materials subjected to friction, eg.: scanning digital 3D models of dental casts, confocal microscope scanning or profilographometer measurements, the authors chose to analyze two selected research methods using confocal microscopy and profilographometer to assess their effectiveness. Two commercially available composite dental materials, i.e. ES and FFE previously subjected to friction tests in contact with human dental enamel, were used for the analysis.

9

Mieszalnik z przekładnią planetarną dla kompozytów światłoutwardzalnych

Boryga M., Graboś A., Fidut W., Kalbarczyk G., Stasiek A., Dzwonkowski J.

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2012

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T. 91, nr 8

1518-1522

PL

Przedstawiono wyniki badań symulacyjnych i fizykochemicznych oraz realizację techniczną stanowiska do wytwarzania kompozytów światłoutwardzalnych. Badania symulacyjne przeprowadzono dla klasycznego i zmodyfikowanego napędu mieszadła z przekładnią planetarną. Na zaprojektowanym i zbudowanym stanowisku z napędem zmodyfikowanym przeprowadzono proces mieszania kompozytu zgodnie z opracowaną procedurą. Badania właściwości fizykochemicznych uzyskanego kompozytu przeprowadzono zgodnie z normą PN-EN ISO 4049:2000. Zbudowane stanowisko z mieszalnikiem planetarnym oraz przedstawiona procedura mieszania wykorzystane zostały do wytwarzania kompozytów światłoutwardzalnych na skalę przemysłową.

EN

A process for mixing resins and fillers was simulated, 3D-modelled and implemented in an industrial scale mixer for production of light-cured resin-matrix composites for dentistry. The composites showed good mech. properties as well as low soly. and water absorption.

10

Degradation processes in dental ceramic-polymer composites

Siejka-Kulczyk J., Lewandowska M., Rokicki G., Szafran M., Kurzydłowski K.J.

Kompozyty

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2006

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R. 6, nr 2

50-54

EN

The paper describes the degradation processes that proceed in dental ceramic/polymer composites as a result of the action of environment, polymerization shrinkage and tribological wear. The results are analyzed in terms of the perspectives for application of these composites. In the present study the composites based on the bis-GMA resin reinforced with (i) a ceramic glass microfiller (average particle size of 5 žm) and (ii) ceramic glass microfiller combined with nanosilica (average particle size of 40 nm) were investigated. Samples of composites in the form of 2 x 2 x 25 were exposed to solutions with varied pH, including 0.1M NaOH (pH = 13), 0.1M CH3COOH (pH = 3) and distilled water (pH = 7) in order to compare the stability of their properties. The microstructure (Figs. 1,2) and the mechanical parameters (such a flexural strength and microhardness) (Fig. 3) of the materials before and after the exposure were examined for the exposure time of 15 h. In order to reduce polymerization shrinkage, two approaches were considered: (a) a modification of bis-GMA resin and (b) the use of a nanofiller. The results have shown that addition of hyperbranched macromonomer of mctacrylane to bis-GMA resin decreases the shrinkage by 30% (Fig. 4). The polymerization shrinkage can further be reduced by adding ceramic microfiller and nanofiller (Figs. 5, 6). One of the parameters, which can be used to characterize the tribological properties of the materials, is the coefficient of friction ž. The influence of nanosilica content on the coefficient ž is shown in Figure 7 for different testing loads.

PL

Opisano procesy degradacji występujące w kompozytach ceramiczno-polimerowych stosowanych na wypełnienia stomatologiczne. Degradację tych materiałów powodują: działanie środowiska, skurcz polimeryzacyjny i zużycie ścierne. Wyniki badań analizowano w kontekście perspektyw zastosowania tych kompozytów. Do badań użyto kompozytów na osnowie żywicy bis-GMA, wzmocnionej (i) mikrowypemiaczem w postaci szkła ceramicznego (średnia wielkość cząstek 5 žm) oraz (ii) mikrowypemiaczem w połączeniu z nanokrzemionką (o średniej wielkości cząstek 40 nm). Próbki o wymiarach 2x2x25 mm umieszczono w roztworach o różnym pH: 0,1M NaOH (pH = 13), 0,1M CH3COOH (pH = 3) i wodzie destylowanej (pH = 7) w celu określenia stabilności właściwości mechanicznych tych kompozytów (wytrzymałość na zginanie, mikrotwardość HV0,2). Pomiary przeprowadzono przed i po 15 h przetrzymywania w roztworach (rys. 3). Mikrostrukturę wytworzonych kompozytów obserwowano za pomocą SEM (rys. rys. 1 i 2). W pracy analizowano dwa sposoby redukcji skurczu polimeryzacyjnego: (a) poprzez modyfikację żywicy bis-GMS, (b) za pomocą dodatku nanowypełniacza. Żywicę bis-GMA modyfikowano za pomocą hiperrozgałęzionego makromonomeru metakrylowcgo, co spowodowało zmniejszenie skurczu o 30% (rys. 4). Dalsze obniżanie skurczu polimeryzacyjnego uzyskiwano dzięki dodatkowi wypełniaczy ceramicznych, w tym nanowypełniacza (rys. rys. 5 i 6). Odporność na zużycie ścierne badanych kompozytów charakteryzowano poprzez pomiar współczynnika tarcia ž. Wpływ zawartości nanokrzemionki na współczynnik tarcia przy różnych obciążeniach przedstawiono na rysunku 7.

11

Właściwości mechaniczne wybranych kompozytów stomatologicznych stosowanych do stabilizacji zębów

Grądzka-Dahlke M., Tokajuk G., Wilczko M., Pawińska M., Stokowska W.

Kompozyty

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2004

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R. 4, nr 11

326-330

PL

Przedstawiono wyniki wstępnych badań właściwości wytrzymałościowych kompozytów stomatologicznych. Zazwyczaj przy wyborze konkretnych materiałów spośród szerokiej oferty handlowej właściwości mechaniczne nie są brane pod uwagę. Decydują tutaj cechy estetyczne, łatwość aplikacji itp. Przedmiot prezentowanych badań stanowiły wybrane zestawienia osnowy i zbrojenia kompozytów stosowanych do szynowania zębów. Oceniano wartości modułu sprężystości, naprężenia niszczącego oraz odkształcenie materiałów podczas statycznego trójpunktowego zginania. Uzyskane wyniki badań porównawczych wskazują na możliwość optymalnego doboru osnowy i zbrojenia kompozytu do poszczególnych zastosowań klinicznych w celu zapewnienia najbardziej korzystnych warunków zrostu tkanki kostnej.

EN

Dental practice today utilizes a large number of different materials. Specific advantages of using materials in various applications are considereded. New developments of polymeric composites for restorative filling materials are mainly focused on the reduction of polimerization shrinkage and improvement of biocompatibility, aesthetics, wear resistance and processing properties. The mechanical properties, especially the elastic modulus are very important parameters for evaluating and ranking composites used to stabilizing mobile teeth during periodontal therapy. The preliminary results of mechanical properties estimation of selected dental composite materials have been presented in this paper. Fifteen different composites were examinated in this study. Materials were chosen from among present commercially available components. Three light-curing resin materials were used as a matrix reinforced with five various fillers (Tab. 1). Samples were prepared according to ISO standard. The fracture strength, flexural modulus and deformation were determined for each material in static three-point bending test in an universal testing machine (Fig. 1). The results of comparative tests suggested, that fracture properties of the dental composites are highly influenced by the matrix material (Fig. 2). Higher values of flexural modulus were recorded for composites based on LCR matrix. These materials may be used during periodontal therapy, where teeth should be rigidly fixed. However composites with Flow-It matrics revealed a significantly higher flexibility. The elastic modulus was lower, while the values of fracture deformation strain were highest in this group of specimens. These properties allow the use of those materials for teeth stabilization in posttraumatic therapy. SEM analysis of the fractured surfaces suggested two kinds of failure mechanism of tested materials (Fig. 3). In this study no significant differences were found between the flexural modulus and specimen deformation of the composites with various fillers. It indicated that the filler type has lower influence on fracture parametrs of dental materials than the matrix. This effect is assumed to be related to inherent flaws, especially inadequate adhesion of polymer matrix to the filler and air porosities included in the composite material (Fig. 4). The performed study showed it possible to choose the optimum composite components for specific clinical application on the ground of mechanical properties tests.