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1

A review on demand response based ancillary services offered by industries

Ghasemi Ahmad, Gerami Nilufar

Journal of Power Technologies

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2024

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Vol. 104, nr 1

32--55

EN

Industrial power consumers have a considerable share of the global power demand; as a result, effective solutions have to be adopted to optimize the industrial power consumption. Demand response Programs (DRPs) provide such solutions. These programs are growingly studied as the industrial power consumption has increased and the implementation costs of the new technologies have decreased in recent years. DRP implementation reduces the dependency on the expensive energy storage technologies and flexible backup power sources. It seems that, DRP is not widely used in industry, yet its benefits are not practically exploited. The present work reviews the implementation of DRPs in industry and introduces the opportunities of industries for offering ancillary services to the market. Then, the industries which highly suit the specific kind of industrial DRPs are introduced and their processes are analyzed from the DRP point of view. Next, the DRP projects are continentally categorized and the advancements of different countries in specific kind of industrial DRPs are noted. Finally, the discussions and conclusion are presented.

2

Towards a Sustainable Energy Future: The Case for Smart Grids in Jordan

Shuqair Yazid

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

|

2023

|

Vol. 24, iss. 8

82--96

EN

The implementation of a smart grid in Jordan offers many potential advantages, such as improved reliability and efficiency of the power grid, expanded integration of renewable energy sources, enhanced control and monitoring capabilities for the utility, as well as cost savings and economic benefits. However, significant challenges must be addressed, such as high implementation costs, technical requirements, privacy and security concerns, regulatory and legal challenges, and potential job displacement. This research paper provides an overview of the current state of Jordan’s energy sector, an explanation of smart grid technology, as well as an analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of implementing a smart grid in Jordan. The paper also reviews case studies of successful smart grid implementations in other countries and offers recommendations for future research and policy decisions. Overall, the research suggests that while there are significant challenges to be addressed, the potential benefits of a smart grid in Jordan are substantial, and the country should continue to explore this technology to enhance its energy infrastructure as well as reduce its environmental impact.

3

The application of the fuzzy rule-based Bayesian algorithm to determine which residential appliances can be considered for the demand response program

Kapler Piotr

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences

|

2023

|

Vol. 71, nr 4

art. no. e146106

EN

This paper proposes the usage of the fuzzy rule-based Bayesian algorithm to determine which residential appliances can be considered for the Demand Response program. In contrast with other related studies, this research recognizes both randomness and fuzziness in appliance usage. Moreover, the input data for usage prediction consists of nodal price values (which represent the actual power system conditions), appliance operation time, and time of day. The case study of residential power consumer behavior modeling was implemented to show the functionality of the proposed methodology. The results of applying the suggested algorithm are presented as colored 3D control surfaces. In addition, the performance of the model was verified using R squared coefficient and root mean square error. The conducted studies show that the proposed approach can be used to predict when the selected appliances can be used under specific circumstances. Research of this type may be useful for evaluation of the demand response programs and support residential load forecasting.

4

Modeling and scheduling home appliances using nature inspired algorithms for demand response purpose

Haroun Isra, Shareef Hussain, Ibrahim Ahmad Asrul, Khalid Saifulnizam, Idris Abdelrahman Omer

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

|

2021

|

R. 97, nr 4

60--66

EN

Demand response (DR) refers to programs used in endeavors to reduce overall power consumption, manage consumption peak hour shifting, and reduce demand on service providers or utilities using different methods. This paper proposes a home appliance scheduler suitable for DR applications. In the proposed method, a controller controls thermal and shiftable loads, where thermal loads are empirical models that consider different factors. They produce the load profile of the home in consideration of different input parameters, e.g., setpoints and user tolerance ranges, and various factors, e.g., the room’s physical structure and the external environment. A scheduler uses the controller to implement load shifting using the whale optimization algorithm, particle swarm optimization, and gray wolf optimization (GWO) algorithms for three different occupancy and price schemes. Acceptable results were obtained by applying the models using various outer temperatures and user tolerance ranges. The results also demonstrate cost reduction of 38.59% with GWO for the first occupancy scheme.

PL

Demand Response (DR) oznacza programy do redukcji poboru mocy, doboru czasu pracy, odbiorników energii elektrycznej. W artykule zaproponowano program użycia urządzeń domowych spełniający wymagania DR z uwzględnieniem termicznych warunków pracy. . Zaproponowano algorytmy optymalizacji.

5

Challenges of Implementing Demand Side Management in Developing Countries

Goyal Govind Rai, Vadhera Shelly

Journal of Power Technologies

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2020

|

Vol. 100, nr 1

43--58

EN

The energy crisis along with increasing per capita energy consumption of cities and nations poses a worldwide challenge. Smart grid technology facilitates the shift to more sustainable technologies such as microgrids, distributed generation, demand side management, and advanced metering infrastructure. This paper is mainly focused on demand side management (DSM); conventional and recent models of demand side management found in the literature are discussed. Implementation and practices of demand side management at various locations in India are also unveiled. With 16 pilot smart grid projects underway in India, there is a need to report on how smart grid technologies are living up to their potential. It is also essential to identify and discuss related challenges and the issues in the implementation of DSM. This paper focuses on analyzing global best practices in DSM and their implementation to fulﬁll the estimated potential, particularly in the residential, industrial and agriculture sectors.

6

Modyfikacje algorytmu regulacji napięcia SN metodą kompensacji spadków napięcia na wielu liniach na podstawie doświadczeń z realizacji testowej

Jemielity Jacek, Czapla Łukasz, Kolendo Piotr

Zeszyty Naukowe Wydziału Elektrotechniki i Automatyki Politechniki Gdańskiej

|

2019

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Nr 62

109--112

PL

Artykuł przedstawia doświadczenia z testowego wdrożenia zaawansowanego systemu sterowania poziomem napięcia u odbiorców, wykorzystującym algorytm kompensacji spadku napięcia na wielu liniach. Autorzy zaproponowali modyfikacje literaturowych opisów tego algorytmu i jego rozszerzenie tak, że do regulacji napięcia sieci dystrybucyjnej wykorzystywany jest transformator o zmiennej przekładni oraz magazyn energii, jako źródło mocy biernej. W pracy przedstawiono wnioski z badań przeprowadzonych w ramach realizacji programu badawczego GEKON, który dotyczył budowy bateryjnego magazynu energii.

EN

The paper presents experiences from the test implementation of an advanced customer voltage level control system using multiple lines voltage drop compensation algorithm. The authors proposed modifications of the literature descriptions of this algorithm and its extension, so that HV/MV transformer and battery energy storage as a source of reactive power in MV network are used to control the voltage. The potential for safe lowering of the network voltage as a means of immediate reduction of energy demand as well as long-term reduction of energy consumption was emphasized.

7

The new adaptive Under Frequency Load Shedding technique in an automated Distribution Network considering demand response programs

Mokari-Bolhasan A., Taghizadegan-Kalantari N.

Journal of Power Technologies

|

2018

|

Vol. 98, nr 1

127--138

EN

Under Frequency Load Shedding (UFLS) is an important protection scheme to maintain the frequency of a Distribution Network (DN) consisting of Distributed Generations (DGs) exposed to power deficit. The different location and amount of load curtailments based on different parameters are acquired from the available literature. In this paper, an optimal adaptive UFLS method with the advent of two main modules has been proposed. The proposed method provides a revised Rate of Change of Load (ROCOFL) index related to bus voltage and load power consumption (ROCOFLpv). Using a wide area measurement system, Demand Response (DR) technology aimed at shedding fewer loads is emerging against a background of the smart grid. In addition, smart appliances can provide a real-time data packet in which frequency, the rate of change of frequency, voltage magnitude and breaker status are measured. The proposed method is implemented in five different load schemes considering DR programs. Comparative analyses are illustrated in this paper to assert the efficiency of implementing DR programs in which cost function and amounts of shedding loads are decreased. The results demonstrate that DR programs cannot be used for a big power unbalance in an islanded micro grid. The unintentional delay time imposed by DR and the small inertia existing in an islanded distribution network restrict the use of DR programs.

8

Automatyka do kształtowania obciążeń w sieciach niskiego napięcia z zastosowaniem transformatorów z podobciążeniowymi przełącznikami zaczepów

Pawlicki B., Dukat P.

Wiadomości Elektrotechniczne

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2017

|

R. 85, nr 6

10--13

PL

W artykule przedstawiono doświadczenia innogy Stoen Operator po zainstalowaniu dwóch układów do kształtowania obciążeń odbiorców zasilanych z sieci niskiego napięcia. Na kompletny pojedynczy zestaw składa się sterownik FBVR oparty na układach telemechaniki z zaimplementowanymi algorytmami sterowniczymi, transformator 15/0,4 kV z podobciążeniowym przełącznikiem zaczepów (PPZ) oraz sensory napięcia na końcach wybranych obwodów nN zasilanych z tej stacji. Omówione zostały funkcjonalności układu, doświadczenia z instalacji oraz perspektywy wykorzystania i szanse rozbudowy.

EN

Experiences with installation of two low voltage grid loads forming systems were presented in the paper. Single system includes FBVR controller with implemented algorithms, MV/LV transformer with onload tap changer and voltage sensors at the ends of selected LV feeders. Functionalities, experiences of installation, application perspectives and development opportunities were described.

9

An effective implementation of Internet of things for agile demand response

Babar M., Grela J., Ozadowicz A., Nguyen P. H., Hanzelka Z., Kamphuis I. G.

Transactions on Environment and Electrical Engineering

|

2017

|

Vol. 2, No. 2

58--63

EN

Transactive based control mechanism (TCM) needs the IoT environment to fully explore flexibility potential from the end-users to offer to involved actors of the smart energy system. On the other hand, many IoT based energy management systems are already available to a market. This paper presents an ap-proach to connect the current demand-driven (top-down) energy management system (EMS) with a market-driven (bottom-up) demand response program. To this end, this paper considers multi-agent system (MAS) to realize the approach and introduces the concept and standardize design of Agilometer. It is described as an elemental agent of the approach. Proposed by authors Agilometer consists of three different functional blocks, which are formulated as an IoT platform according to the LonWorks standard. Moreover, the paper also performs an evaluation study in order to validate the proposed concept and design.

10

A home energy management algorithm in demand response events for household peak load reduction

Ahmed M. S., Mohamed A., Homod R. Z., Shreef H.

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

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2017

|

R. 93, nr 3

197--200

EN

In the last decades, home energy consumption has increased significantly due to increasing load demand in the residential sector. This paper presents a home energy management (HEM) algorithm to manage the home appliances in a house during a demand response (DR) event. The developed algorithm considers load appliances according to customer preference setting, priority of appliance, and comfortable lifestyle that can be changed at any given time and performs DR at appliance level. The load models are developed based on the operational and physical characteristics for the purpose of DR strategies. Appropriate residential load models are required to support the DR strategies and therefore air conditioner, water heater, electric vehicle and washing machine are chosen as the loads. The proposed HEM algorithm is shown to be effective in managing power consumption at appliances level and can maintain the total household power consumption below its demand limit (DL) without affecting the comfort level.

PL

W artykule predstawiono algorytm do zarządzania konsumpcja energii w gospodarstwach domowych. Algorytm zarządza enegią przy założonym poziomie dopuszczalnego limitu I bazuje na charakterystykach urządzeń podłączonych do sieci.

11

Inteligentne systemy pomiarowe w ciepłownictwie

Chaczykowski M., Kwestarz M., Osiadacz A. J.

Ciepłownictwo, Ogrzewnictwo, Wentylacja

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2017

|

T. 48, nr 3

95--100

PL

W artykule omówiono strukturę i rozwiązania sprzętowe systemów inteligentnego opomiarowania stosowanych w ciepłownictwie. Następnie dokonano zwięzłego przeglądu cech funkcjonalnych inteligentnych liczników ciepła/chłodu na tle liczników energii elektrycznej i gazu. Przestawiono model centralizacji usług inteligentnego opomiarowania i uwarunkowania w zakresie zarządzania popytem w inteligentnych sieciach ciepłowniczych.

EN

The structure and hardware of smart metering systems for district heating networks are considered in the article. A concise review of functional features of smart heat/cold meters against electricity and gas meters is conducted. The model of centralised smart metering services and the ramifications of demand management in district heating networks are also discussed.

12

Wyznaczanie poziomu popytu w systemach aktywnego zarządzania energią elektryczną w budynkach

Ożadowicz A., Grela J.

Zeszyty Naukowe Wydziału Elektrotechniki i Automatyki Politechniki Gdańskiej

|

2016

|

Nr 49

85--90

PL

Efektywne zarządzanie energią w budynkach to kluczowy element inteligentnych sieci elektroenergetycznych z koncepcją zarządzania popytem na energię (Demand Side Management). Znajomość wartości poziomu popytu jest istotna z punktu widzenia organizacji aktywnych systemów zarządzania energią w budynkach. Systemy automatyzacji i sterowania budynkami (BACS) mogą dostarczać i gromadzić informacje o pobieranej mocy i energii przez odbiorniki, wraz z możliwością ich dynamicznego sterowania. W artykule zaproponowano różne algorytmy wyznaczania poziomu popytu, z wykorzystaniem mechanizmów harmonogramowania lub obsługi zdarzeń, charakterystycznych dla systemów BACS. Funkcjonowanie algorytmów poddano weryfikacji doświadczalnej. Przeprowadzono również analizę opracowanych algorytmów pod kątem ich możliwości aplikacyjnych, wskazując ich wady i zalety.

EN

Buildings with implemented Building Energy Management Systems (BEMS) are crucial part of smart grids with demand-response mechanism. Mostly the BEMS are based on Building Automation and Control Systems (BACS). Devices, controllers and meters integrated in the BACS could be used to provide data about energy consumption, instantaneous power and actively control loads in buildings. An energy demand value is essential for the BEMS with an active demand side management (DSM). Different approaches to calculate the energy demand value have been introduced in this paper. Various algorithms with time-driven and event-driven calculation mechanism have been proposed. They have been implemented and experiment with real data has been performed to verify this implementation. Results of experiment have been analysed and discussed, taking into account the accuracy and speed of computing the energy demand value. The algorithms proposed in the paper have been developed according the LonWorks – open, international building automation standard, providing full interoperability with other devices integrated in the BACS. They are ready to use in an Internet of Things networks as well.

13

Innowacyjna metoda FBVR do zarządzania zapotrzebowaniem na moc i energię elektryczną

Pawlicki B.

Wiadomości Elektrotechniczne

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2016

|

R. 84, nr 3

11--15

PL

Przedstawiono wyniki rozważań nad możliwościami wykorzystania regulacji napięcia zasilającego uzależnionej od aktualnej wartości częstotliwości jako sposobu kształtowania obciążeń odbiorców końcowych w inteligentnych sieciach elektroenergetycznych. Przedstawiono również wyniki prac nad metodą FBVR, opisaną przez autora szczegółowo w jego rozprawie doktorskiej „Regulacja poziomu napięcia w zadaniu kształtowania zapotrzebowania na moc i energię elektryczną odbiorców końcowych w inteligentnych sieciach elektroenergetycznych”.

EN

The paper presents results of discussion on application of supply voltage control related to current value of frequency as a method of controlling end-consumer loads in smart power electric networks. The paper presents a brief summary of FBVR method described by author in his dissertation thesis ”Adjustment of Voltage Level in Shaping End-Users ,Demand for Power and Electrical Energy in Smart Power Grids”.

14

Value Stream Mapping for Evaluation of Load Scheduling Possibilities in a District Heating Plant

Melsas R., Rosin A., Drovtar I.

Transactions on Environment and Electrical Engineering

|

2016

|

Vol. 1, No. 3

62--67

EN

Demand side response enables cost optimization for energy systems and industrial consumers. In many countries, it is not widely used because of implementation complexity. One of the solutions for applying demand side response is industrial process scheduling according to the energy market needs. From the energy system point of view, process scheduling implies load scheduling. The aim of this paper is to provide a solution for load scheduling by implementing value stream mapping, which is a straightforward enough for production management. Decision makers in the industry should have a clear understanding about positive effect from load scheduling and its effect to production outcome and process availability. Value stream mapping is a well-known process optimization tool from lean production philosophy. The aim of value stream mapping is to shorten the lead time of industrial processes and to reduce the intermediate stock amounts. By complementing value stream map with process energy intensity and energy stored in intermediate stocks, we can promote load scheduling possibilities. Our methodology provides a tool that is understandable and traceable for industry-minded decision makers. Finally, we present a real life test example for the new methodology, which is based on the production process of a district heating plant.

15

Elektrownie wirtualne na rynkach mocy i energii – analiza warunków krajowych

Wasilewski J., Karkoszka K.

Polityka Energetyczna

|

2016

|

T. 19, z. 1

35--52

PL

W niniejszym artykule scharakteryzowano potencjał integracji rozproszonych zasobów energetycznych (w ramach struktury zwanej „wirtualną elektrownią”) w kontekście działania na rynku energii, jak również świadczenia wybranych usług dla operatorów systemowych i sieciowych. Przeanalizowano wybrane technologie generacji rozproszonej, małych zasobników energii oraz odbiorów sterowalnych z punktu widzenia pracy Krajowego Systemu Elektroenergetycznego. Scharakteryzowano ich podstawowe parametry i właściwości, takie jak moc (energia w przypadku zasobników) pojedynczych jednostek, możliwość ich łączenia w większe instalacje, przewidywalność pracy oraz możliwość sterowania mocą. Następnie przedstawiono specyfikę pracy Krajowego Systemu Elektroenergetycznego, a w szczególności wskazano na zapotrzebowanie operatora systemu przesyłowego na usługi regulacyjne. Scharakteryzowano aktualne wymagania operatora dotyczące świadczenia takich usług. Wskazano na brak aktualnego wykorzystania w dużej skali możliwości regulacyjnych na poziomie rozproszonych zasobów energii, zarówno podażowych, jak i popytowych (na poziomie sieci dystrybucyjnych średniego i niskiego napięcia). W kolejnej części artykułu przedstawiono potencjalne obszary biznesowe dla działania wirtualnych elektrowni, tj. wytwarzanie i obrót energią, agregacja handlowo-techniczna w ramach wewnętrznej grupy bilansującej oraz świadczenie usług regulacyjnych dla operatorów sieci elektroenergetycznych. Przeanalizowano również warunki i przykłady komercyjnego działania wirtualnych elektrowni na rynkach w Niemczech, co mogłoby stanowić przykład dla wprowadzenia odpowiednich regulacji w Polsce. Artykuł zakończono podsumowaniem i wnioskami. Stwierdzono, że sprzężenie idei rozproszonych zasobów energetycznych, ich integracji oraz ciągle rozwijającej się technologii smart grid może być w obecnych i przyszłych uwarunkowaniach prawnych, rynkowych i społecznych bardzo korzystnym rozwiązaniem. Zaproponowano również podjęcie dalszych działań badawczych w tym kierunku.

EN

This paper deals with the potential of distributed energy resources (within the framework of so-called „virtual power plants”) in the context of activity on the market and selected ancillary services for power system and network operators as well. The selected technologies of distributed generation, small energy storage and demand response have been analysed from the point of view of Polish Power System. The basic parameters and features of distributed energy resources have been described such as: power of individual units (energy in case of storage units), connection possibility to larger installations, predictability of operation and potentiality of power control. Next, the specificity of Polish Power System operation has been presented, especially the power system control services demanded by the Polish transmission system operator. The current requirements stated by the Polish transmission system operator have been described as well. It has been pointed to the fact that the potential of power system control by distributed energy resources is not currently utilized, both on the supply and demand side (on the level of medium and low voltage distribution power networks). In further part of the paper, the prospective business areas for activities of virtual power plant have been presented, i.e.: energy production and trading, trade- technical aggregation in the framework of internal balance group and power system control services for power network operators. Both the determinants and examples of commercial activities of the virtual power plants on markets in Germany have been analysed. This could be an indication for the implementation of appropriate regulations in Poland. At the end of paper one can find the summary and conclusions. It has been found that the coupling of ideas such as: renewable energy resources, its aggregation as well as constantly evolving „smart grid” technology can be a very advantageous solution both nowadays and in future legal, market and social conditions. Further research and development concerning virtual power plants activities have been also proposed.

16

Optimal reconfiguration and scheduling of a smart distribution network with uncertain renewables and price-responsive demand

Ghasemi A.

Journal of Power Technologies

|

2016

|

Vol. 96, nr 3

183--193

EN

A new two-stage operation scheduling framework is proposed in this paper to optimize day-ahead (DA) operation of a reconfigurable smart distribution network (SDN). The SDN contains wind farm as uncertain renewable generation as well as responsive demand and is operated by a distribution company (DisCo). The DisCo implements nodal hourly pricing as a pricebased demand response program (DRP) to modify consumers’ demand profile. Retail prices are determined in the first stage of the proposed scheduling framework, while the best network topology and the bidding strategy of the DisCo in the DA energy market are determined in the second stage. The two point estimate method (TPEM) is implemented in this paper to model the intrinsic uncertainty of wind farm power generation and responsive demand. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed framework is evaluated in several case studies.

17

A New Proposal for Demand Response Program and Its Impacts on the Spot Price in the Brazilian Electricity Market

Souza R, Sousa T

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

|

2015

|

R. 91, nr 3

137-141

EN

The growth of electricity demand in the Brazilian system is high. This is due to the growing economy featuring most of the developing countries. However, its installed capacity cannot keep the pace of such a demand growth. This has led to some problems like the saturation of the system transmission and generation components during peak periods, as well as problems such as reduced system security and the inability to maintain low energy prices during peak periods. This paper presents a new proposal for the demand response program and an analysis of how are its impacts on the spot price within the electricity market.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono program umożliwiający analizę odpowiedzi systemu energetycznego na przykładzie sieci w Brazylii. Program umożliwia wykrywanie nasycenia systemu jak również zagrożenia bezpieczeństwa.

18

Rola i funkcje agregatora z perspektywy europejskich projektów sieci inteligentnych

Kaleta M., Pałka P., Żółtowska I.

Rynek Energii

|

2014

|

Nr 3

26--31

PL

Praca syntetyzuje rozwiązania powstające w ramach międzynarodowych projektów na nowoczesnych rynkach energii, ewoluujących w kierunku sieci inteligentnych (smart grid). Pozwalają one na czerpanie zysków z nowych form funkcjonowania na rynku, szczególnie po stronie odbioru i generacji rozproszonej, jednak niezbędne jest wsparcie podmiotu pośredniczącego – Agregatora. Autorzy analizują rolę i funkcje, jakie powinien pełnić Agregator reprezentujący nowy typ uczestników: aktywnych dostawców elastyczności, a także systematyzują obszary działalności, skupiając się na procesach biznesowych związanych z obrotem energią. Artykuł porusza kwestię możliwości powstania instytucji Agregatora w Polsce.

EN

The paper synthesizes international projects’ solutions on modern energy markets evolving towards smart grid. New market possibilities appear, especially for demands and distributed generation, however a support from the intermediary – Aggregator is needed. The article analyze the role and functions of Aggregator representing a new type of participants: flexibility providers, and also systematize business areas, focusing on processes related to energy trading. The paper refers also to the possibility of establishing Aggregators in Poland.

19

Standardy w rozwoju systemów zarządzania energią w budynkach

Markowski A.

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

|

2014

|

R. 90, nr 11

39--41

PL

W artykule przedstawiono najważniejsze, opracowane w ostatnich latach, standardy związane z wprowadzaniem systemów zarządzania energią do budynków. Podano ogólną charakterystykę standardu ISO/IEC 15045 Home Gate Residential Gateway, standardu ISO/IEC 15067-3 Model of an Energy Management System for HES, a także standardu ANSI/CEA-2045 Modular Communications Interface for Energy Management.

EN

The article presents the most important standards developed in recent years and applied in building energy management systems. A brief characteristics of them and evaluation of solutions in terms of their impact on the development of energy management systems are carried out. The standard ISO / IEC 15045 Home Gate Residential Gateway, the standard ISO / IEC 15067-3 Model of an Energy Management System for HES, the standard ANSI/CEA-2045 Modular Communications Interface for Energy Management is presented.

20

A Two Ways Communication-Based Distributed Control for Direct Load Control in Smart Distribution System

Biabani M., Golkar M. A., Biczel P., Sajadi A.

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

|

2013

|

R. 89, nr 3a

126--131

EN

In this paper a novel approach to accommodate distributed generation resources in the power distribution system is discussed to reduce the peak power demand. Direct load control (DLC) is the capability of aggregate and precisely control individual loads on command. The novel implemented approach in this work is the DLC to demand response. The DLC algorithms in regularity base are used for controllable loads which can be turned on and off with unnoticeable interruption where the load is forecasted and it is dispatched accordingly by using distributed generation resources and controllable loads, thereby it helps to reduce peak demand. Multi-Agent System (MAS) is consisting a group of agents which are capable of perceived environment that they are located and act on it by communicating with each other to achieve the goals. Therefore a MAS has been adopted to manage the direct load control simulation. Load has forecasted in MATLAB and MAS has programmed in ZEUS utilize the forecasted load data to dispatch the load in such a way so as to reduce the peak demand. The agents are located at demand aggregator level, zone level and DG level. They communicate to dispatch the load properly based on resources and load availability.

PL

W niniejszym artykule przeanalizowano nowatorskie podejście do integracji źródeł rozproszonych w celu redukcji szczytów zapotrzebowania na moc. Poprzez precyzyjną kontrolę obciążenia i odpowiednie grupowanie odbiorców możliwe jest kształtowanie zapotrzebowania. Nowatorskie podejście zaprezentowane w artykule polega na kształtowaniu reakcji na zapotrzebowanie. Algorytm kształtujący podstawę obciążenia jest wykorzystywany do kontroli sterowanych odbiorów, które mogą być wyłączane i załączane bez negatywnego wpływu na ich pracę. Obciążenie takie może być prognozowane i odpowiednio kształtowane co pomaga redukować szczyt zapotrzebowania. System wieloagentowy (ang. Multi Agent System (MAS)) składa się z grup inteligentnych agentów osadzonych w konkretnym środowisku, współdziałających z nim i komunikujących się między sobą, w celu osiągnięcia wyznaczonych celów. Taki system został zaadaptowany do symulacji zarządzania kształtowaniem zapotrzebowania. Obciążenie jest prognozowane w środowisku MABLAB, natomiast MAS został wykonany w programie ZEUS w oparciu o prognozy obciążenia, tak by je kształtując wygładzić szczyt zapotrzebowania. Agenci są umieszczeni na poziomach agregacji obciążeń, stref i generacji rozproszonej. Prawidłowe kształtowanie zapotrzebowania odbywa się w oparciu o dostępne zasoby i źródła.