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EN
In the two-factorial vegetation experiment, the activity of dehydrogenase, phosphatase and urease was examined under the influence of the applied sludge-ash granulates produced from waste (sewage sludge, ash, sawdust). The research scheme included a control object, four types of fertilizer granulates, three doses and four dates of enzymatic activity indicators determination. The experiment was established in four replications. The size of granulate doses was determined on the basis of their nitrogen content. Dose I, II and III were: 0.24 g, 0.48 g and 0.72 g N•pot, respectively. The test plant was rapeseed of Larissa cultivar. The sludge-ash granulates were applied to the pots filled with the soil, in accordance with the experimental scheme. The soil samples for chemical analyses were taken from the top layer (0–20 cm) of spring rape cultivation four times: May 16, June 2, July 2 – dates from I to III, respectively, and August 2 after harvest – date IV. In average soil samples, the enzymatic activity of dehydrogenase, urease and phosphatase was determined. The research revealed that the highest increase in enzymatic dehydrogenase activity was obtained after applying granulate B, while phosphatases and urease after the application of granulate D. The smallest increase in dehydrogenase and phosphatase activity was obtained after the application of granulate C. The dose size of the applied granulates and date of uptake had a significant impact on the growth activity of the enzymes studied. The activity of dehydrogenase, phosphatases and urease, depending on the type of applied granulate, dose and date of soil sampling, was on average 7.28%, 30.5% and 7.94% higher, respectively, compared to the control. The correlation coefficient between dehydrogenase activity and urease and phosphatase was positively associated and amounted to r = 0.569 and r = 0.553, respectively. The applied fertilization with sludge-ash granulates A, B, C and D stimulated the increase in dehydrogenase, urease, and phosphatase activities in all fertilizer objects.
EN
In the present work, the dried biomass of soil isolated fungus Eurotium cristatum was used for synthesizing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The synthesized AgNPs were spherical in shape with average diameter of 16.56 nm and displayed maximum absorbance at 418. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) study indicated the presence and binding of proteins with myco-produced silver nanoparticles. The optimum conditions for AgNPs biosynthesis were found to be at temperature of 40°C, pH of 8.0, substrate concentration of 500 ppm and fungal biomass wt. of 0.8 g. The AgNPs showed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli and Shigella flexneri. AgNPs was built-in thin film nanocomposite (TFNC) membrane and the impacts of nanomaterial composition on membrane properties and desalination process were studied. The AgNPs produced membrane TFNC had better filtration performances than pure thin film composite membrane TFC. The TFNC membrane had enhanced water flux (32.0 vs. 16.5 dm3∙m–2∙h–1) and advanced NaCl rejection (91.7 vs. 89%) compared to the TFC membrane. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of the irrigation with desalinated water on yield and productivity of essential oil of the sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) and lavender (Lavandula multifida L.). The irrigation with desalinated water reduced significantly the soil reaction, soil electrical conductivity (EC), sodium adsorption ratio and exchangeable sodium percent in rhizospheric soil, it also enhanced the growth and oil yield of both plants compared with those irrigated with salt water.
EN
A mixture of digestates from biogas plant and bottom ashes from biomass combustion can be a valuable source of nutrients and organic substances as well as an improver of the adsorption capacity and water-air properties of the soil. Pelletization of such a mixture makes its composition more stable and the handling easier. However, the properties of pelletized fertilizer are affected by the external factors. The paper presents the results of the research on the impact of air accessibility during the storage of fertilizer pellets produced on the basis of digestate from biogas plants, bottom ashes derived from the biomass combustion and mineral additives (quicklime, zeolite and bentonite) on their fertilizing properties, enzymatic activity and technical parameters, such as resistance to mechanical loads. The research showed that the fertilizers stored under the roof, exposed to the atmospheric air for 1 year, contained by 5.5% more water compared to the samples shielded from the air. These more humid fertilizers were also characterized by slightly higher nitrogen content and 1.7-fold lower enzymatic activity of dehydrogenases and 1.6-fold higher activity of phosphatases, but their resistance to mechanical loads, both static and dynamic was lower. On the other hand, the effects of storage conditions on the urease activity and the content of potassium, phosphorus and heavy metals were not observed. Generally, the storage of fertilizers in airtight containers is more advantageous, because under such conditions the changes in the fertilizing properties are insignificant, while their resistance to mechanical loads is much higher.
EN
With the increase of agricultural production, residues of crop are the main source of organic matter in the soil and they are alternatives to inorganic fertilizers. For this purpose, effects of organic residues (cotton stalk, maize stalk, almond bark) commonly grown in Turkey were investigated for some soil microbial activity in clay soil. In this study, incubation experiment was set up. Five doses (0%, 2%, 4%, 6% and 8%) of organic residues (maize stalks, cotton stalks or almond bark) were applied to soil. Soil microbiological properties of soil samples such as CO2 respiration, dehydrogenase and urease activity were determined. According to the results obtained, maize stalk, cotton stalks and almond bark applications increased some soil microbiological activities, such as CO2 respiration, dehydrogenase and urease activities according to control soil. Maize stalk in comparison to other residues affects better on the biological properties of the soil. It is determined that enhancing effects of the added organic residues (maize stalk, cotton stalk, almond bark) into the soil were changed according to the type of organic residues, dosage and application terms.
PL
Celem pracy było określenie zmian aktywności dehydrogenaz w glebie zanieczyszczonej benzyną (1% wagi gleby), poddanej biostymulacji dwoma czynnikami: siarczanem (VI) amonu w dawkach 0,15; 1,50 i 15,00 mmol·kg-1, który w założeniu był podstawowym źródłem siarki, a ponadto wzbogacał glebę w azot, oraz selenem na dwóch stopniach utlenienia (IV i VI), w ilości 0,05 mmol·kg-1. Jest to pierwiastek tworzący analogi związków siarki, jak również czynnik wpływający na aktywność niektórych enzymów oksydoredukcyjnych. Proporcje zostały dobrane tak, by stosunek S:Se wyniósł 3:1; 30:1 i 300:1. Analizowano zmianę aktywności dehydrogenaz glebowych oraz pHKCI. Pomiary wykonano w 1., 7., 14., 28. i 56. dniu doświadczenia. Analizy wykazały stymulujący wpływ benzyny na aktywność dehydrogenaz w 1. dniu doświadczenia. Efekt ten zwiększał się ze wzrostem ilości wprowadzonego siarczanu (VI) amonu. W kolejnych terminach pomiarów wprowadzenie dużych dawek (15 mmol·kg-1) siarczanu (VI) amonu wraz z selenem niekorzystnie wpływało na aktywność dehydrogenaz w glebie zawierającej benzynę, natomiast mniejsze dawki (NH4)2SO4 miały głównie stymulujący wpływ. Ponadto zaobserwowano, że aktywność dehydrogenaz w większości terminów analiz stymulowała jednoczesna obecność w glebie (NH4)2SO4 i Se na stopniu utlenienia (IV). Wynika z tego, że zastosowanie biostymulacji siarczanem (VI) amonu wraz z selenem (IV), w odpowiednich proporcjach może być wykorzystane do rekultywacji gleb zanieczyszczonych związkami ropopochodnymi.
EN
The aim of the study was to determine changes in enzyme activity in soil contaminated with gasoline (1% by weight of soil) subjected to biostimulation by two factors. The first factor was ammonium sulfate in doses of 0.15 mmol·kg-1, 1.50 mmol·kg-1 and 15.00 mmol·kg-1. Mineral fertilizer was the main source of sulfur in soil, furthermore it enriched soil with nitrogen. The second factor was selenium IV and VI (0.05 mmol·kg-1) as a sulfur analog and element, which can stimulate the activity of some oxidoreductases. The proportions were chosen to provide the ratio of S to Se equal 3:1, 30:1 and 300:1 (regardless of selenium oxidation state IV and VI). During the experiment, soil dehydro122 genase activity and changes in soil pH in 1 M KCl were analyzed. Measurements were made independently on day 1, 7, 14, 28 and 56. Analyses showed stimulating effect of gasoline on the dehydrogenase activity on day 1. The observed effect increased with increasing amounts of introduced ammonium sulfate (VI). Subsequent measurements revealed that the introduction of high doses of ammonium sulfate (VI) (15 mmol·kg-1) and selenium negatively affected the dehydrogenase activity in soil contaminated with gasoline. In contrast, lower doses of (NH4)2SO4 had mainly a stimulating effect on the dehydrogenase activity in soil with gasoline. Furthermore, it was observed that the soil dehydrogenase activity on most days of experiment increased in the presence of (NH4)2SO4 and selenium at the oxidation state IV. Therefore, the use of biostimulation with ammonium sulphate (VI) together with selenium (IV) in appropriate proportions can be used for the remediation of soils contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons.
PL
Celem pracy była ocena wpływu zróżnicowanego zasolenia oraz zwiększonych ilości metali ciężkich na aktywność fosfatazy kwaśnej i zasadowej oraz dehydrogenaz w podłożach ogrodniczych stosowanych w pojemnikowej uprawie lawendy wąskolistnej (Lavandula angustifolia Mill.). Doświadczenia wazonowe prowadzono w hali wegetacyjnej Zachodniopomorskiego Uniwersytetu Technologicznego w Szczecinie. Materiał stanowiło podłoże w postaci substratu torfowego jednorazowo wzbogaconego Azofoską w dawce 5 g·dm-3. Przeprowadzono dwa doświadczenia, w których czynnikami doświadczalnymi było zasolenie i obecność metali ciężkich w podłożu. Zanieczyszczenie podłoży ogrodniczych stosowanych w pojemnikowej uprawie lawendy wąskolistnej (Lavandula angustifolia Mill.) metalami ciężkimi, jak również ich zasolenie spowodowało istotne zmiany aktywności fosfataz oraz dehydrogenaz. Niewielkie stężenie miedzi, ołowiu i cynku aktywowało fosfatazę kwaśną, podczas gdy aktywność fosfatazy zasadowej oraz dehydrogenaz uległa podwyższeniu jedynie po wprowadzeniu do podłoża cynku. Większe stężenie metali ciężkich działało inhibitująco na aktywność fosfatazową i dehydrogenazową podłoża. Zasolenie podłoża przede wszystkim hamowało aktywność fosfataz i dehydrogenaz, a stwierdzony efekt był większy po aplikacji NaCl niż CaCl2.
EN
The aim of the study was to assess the effect of variable salinity and amounts of heavy metals on the activity of acid and alkaline phosphatase and dehydrogenases in horticultural growing media used in pot cultivation of lavender. Pot experiments were carried out in a greenhouse of the West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin.. Peat horticultural growing medium enriched with 5 g·dm-3 of Azofoska at the time of transplanting plants was used as substrate. In parallel, two experiments were conducted where experimental salinity and the presence of heavy metals were the factors. Contamination of growing medium with heavy metals and its salinity significantly changed the activity of phosphatases and dehydrogenases. Small concentrations of copper, lead and zinc activated acid phosphatase, while the alkaline phosphatase and dehydrogenase activities increased only after the introduction of zinc. Higher concentrations of heavy metals decreased the phosphatase and dehydrogenase activities. Salinity of substrates inhibited phosphatase and dehydrogenase activity and the observed effect was greater after application of NaCl than CaCl2.
EN
The main advantage of biotransformation involving enzymes, compared to chemical processes, is a highly selective formation of products with precise configuration. Herein we describe enzymes participating in the oxidation processes, especially dehydrogenases and monooxygenases. Dehydrogenases are not only able to catalyze the enantioselective reduction of prochiral ketones, but they can also desymmetrize meso and prochiral diols through the enantioselective oxidation. As a result of this processes, optically active hydroxyketones, hydroxycarboxylic acids, and their derivatives are obtained. Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYPs) constitute a family of heme-containing enzymes which exhibits a variety of catalytic activities. They catalyze different reactions, such as hydroxylation, epoxidation, oxidative deamination, or N- and (S)-oxidation. In the oxidation reaction with monooxygenases, the whole cells are commonly used as catalysts. The use of monooxygenases in the oxidation reaction of prochiral alkanes provides the optically active alcohols. It is very significant that these transformations are still difficult to carry out by chemical methods. Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenases (BVMO EC 1.14.13.X) effectively catalyze the nucleophilic and electrophilic oxidation reactions of various functional groups. BVMO are highly regio- and stereoselective enzymes, and their catalytic potential is used in the synthesis of optically pure lactones and esters. Keywords:
EN
Rational waste management in Poland is one of the most important social, ecological and economic problems. Composting is an optimal method of waste management. It is a continuous process, which consists in the decomposition of organic substance subjected to biochemical processes and the influence of microorganisms. It is usually defined as the sum of microbiological processes related with the formation of humus. Properly made compost is characterized by a large value of fertilizer, often exceeding the fertilizer value of manure. The admixture or the use of biodegradable waste for composting contributes to higher aeration of the composted mass, facilitates reaching the optimal humidity range of 50–60%, enriches the composted mass with a source of carbon which is accessible to microorganisms and guarantees the optimal C:N ratio. However, in the production of compost main objective is to optimize the conditions of this process. The aim of this study was to determine the dynamics of changes in the number of selected groups of microorganisms and dehydrogenase activity levels occurring during the composting of pine bark, depending on the application of different organic additives and microbiological preparation and changes in temperature. The experiment was established in the Forest District Antonin in Wielkopolska. Composting was carried out in six piles of pine bark supplemented with different doses of green mass of legumes, Effective Microorganisms solution and urea. During the composting process, samples were taken three times for microbiological analysis. It were analyzed total number of mesophilic bacteria, actinomyces, copiotrophs, oligotrophs and fungi on selective substrates. Isolated colonies were used to determine the total number of tested microorganisms. Furthermore, were tested the enzymatic activity of microorganisms, determining the activity of the dehydrogenase, using the spectrophotometric method with TTC as a substrate. Also were analyzed the impact of differences in the composition of compost on the growth of microorganisms. The following terms were also tested the temperature of the windrows. Above all, the trend in the variation in the population of microorganisms under analysis and enzymatic activity depended on the type of admixture applied to the composted pine bark. In most of the analyzed terms the largest number of different groups of bacteria and fungi was observed in combination of pine bark, and extended to the highest dose of the green mass of the plants and EM-A. To changes in the number of analyzed groups of microorganisms also fundamentally affect temperature changes during the composting process. Dehydrogenase complex activity did not increase with the increase in the number of analyzed groups of microorganisms.
EN
he research was conducted in order to determine the catalase, dehydrogenase, and arylsulfatase activities of soils exposed to transportation pollutants. The research material consisted of soil samples collected from points located along road no. 957 at a section passing through Zawoja (the Malopolska Region), from places at a distance of 5 and 200 m from the road edge. The samples were collected from a 0–10 cm layer, from areas covered with grasses. No considerable diversification in the enzymatic activity of the soils, depending on their distance from the road edge, was found. The mean activity of catalase and dehydrogenases in the soils located 5 m from the road edge was, respectively, 4 and 7% greater than the activity of the soils located 200 m from the road edge. The mean arylsulfatase activity in the soils located 5 m from the road edge was 3% lower than in the soils located at a distance of 200 m. A positive correlation was found between the catalase and arylsulfatase activities, and the dehy-drogenase activity in the soils.
PL
W glebie pobranej po dwuletnim doświadczeniu wazonowym oznaczono aktywność ureazy, dehydrogenazy i zawartość azotu. W doświadczeniu uwzględniono trzy czynniki: 1 – ilość Ni w glebie (0, 75, 150 i 225 mg kg-1 gleby); 2 – wapnowanie (0 i Ca wg 1 Hh); 3 –materiały organiczne (słoma żytnia i węgiel brunatny). Rośliną testową była kupkówka pospolita, której w każdym sezonie wegetacyjnym zebrano po 4 pokosy. Analizowano glebę po każdym pokosie trawy, w obu latach doświadczenia. Stwierdzono, że Ni w dawce 75 mg kg-1 gleby aktywuje badane enzymy, natomiast dawki większe powodują ich wyraźną dezaktywację. Zarówno wapnowanie jak i materiały organiczne ograniczały negatywny wpływ większych dawek niklu na aktywność dehydrogenaz i ureazy. Jednocześnie słoma i węgiel brunatny powodowały niewielkie zwiększenie zawartości azotu w glebie.
EN
In soil sampled after a two-year pot experiment, the activity of urease and dehydrogenase and content of nitrogen have been determined. The experiment included three factors: 1. the amount of nickel added to the soil (0, 75, 150 and 225 mg kg-1 of soil), 2. liming (0 and Ca according to 1 Hh hydrolytic acidity), 3. organic materials (straw of rye and brown coal). Test plant was cocksfoot, which four cuts were collected in each growing season. It was found that nickel added to the soli in dose of 75 mg kg -1 activates enzymes studied, whereas higher doses cause them explicit deactivation. Both liming and waste organic materials limited the negative effect of higher doses of nickel on the activity of dehydrogenase and urease. Simultaneously, both straw and brown coal caused a slight increase in the amount of nitrogen in the soil.
PL
W poziomie powierzchniowym (0÷20 cm) czarnej ziemi badano zmienność czasowo-przestrzenną zawartości glebowej biomasy mikrobiologicznej (C i N biomasy - MBC i MBN) oraz jej aktywności (aktywność dehydrogenaz - DH, poziom hydrolizy dioctanu fluoresceiny - FDAH, oddychanie gleby - RESP 3) oraz ich powiązanie z wybranymi właściwościami chemicznymi gleby (CORG, NOG, pH-H2O). W kwietniu i w sierpniu 2007 roku pobrano po 50 próbek glebowych z punktów zlokalizowanych w sztywnej siatce kwadratów (10 x 10 m). Wyniki opracowano metodami statystycznymi i geostatystycznymi. Tylko wartości C i N biomasy oraz poziomu hydrolizy FAD były istotnie większe (p < 0,05) w próbkach gleby pobranej w kwietniu niż w sierpniu. Największą zmienność wartości badanych cech mierzoną za pomocą współczynnika zmienności (CV) uzyskano dla wyników oddychania glebowego (CV > 36%), zaś pozostałe badane cechy wykazywały zmienność małą i umiarkowaną (CV = 11,9÷25,6%). Wartości skośności dla większości cech były dodatnie, wskazując na prawostronną asymetrię rozkładu wyników. Kurtoza mieściła się w zakresie od 1,18 do 3,54 i dla większość badanych cech była ona ujemna, co świadczy o mniejszej koncentracji wyników wokół średniej w porównaniu do rozkładu normalnego. Najwyższe współczynniki korelacji prostej uzyskano pomiędzy zawartością MBN i MBC oraz CORG i NOG. Mapy rastrowe wykazały, że wartości badanych zmiennych były nieregularnie rozmieszczone na badanym obszarze. Ponadto dla wszystkich badanych cech uzyskano odmienne rozmieszczenie przestrzenne wyników w obu terminach analiz.
EN
Spatio-temporal variability of soil microbial biomass content (microbial biomass carbon - MBC and nitrogen - MBN) and activity (dehydrogenase - DH, and fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis - FDAH, soil basal respiration after 3 days - RESP 3) and their relationship to the variability of some chemical properties (CORG - organic carbon content, NTOT - total nitrogen content, soil pH H2O) in the surface horizon (0÷20 cm) of Phaeozems (Pomorze and Kujawy region) was studied. Fifty soil samples were collected in April and August 2007 in a square sampling grid (10 x 10 m). The results were evaluated with the use of classic statistical and geostatistical methods. Only MBC and MBN as well as FAD hydrolysis data was significantly higher in the soil samples taken in April than in August (p < 0.05). The highest variability of the studied properties values as measured with coefficient of variation (CV [%]) was shown for soil respiration (CV > 36%), while the other properties displayed small and moderate variability (CV = 11.9÷25.6%). Most of the propertied studied displayed the positive skewness, showing left-sided asymmetry. The kurtosis ranged from –1.18 to 3.54 and most of variables studied shown the negative values of this parameter, suggesting lower concentration of the data around the average value compared to the normal distribution. The raster maps showed that microbial properties studied were distributed irregularly in the topsoil. The highest positive correlation coefficients were found between MBN and MBC, and between organic carbon and total nitrogen contents.
EN
Analysis and interpretation of spatio-temporal variability of soil microbial biomass content (microbial biomass carbon – MBC and nitrogen – MBN) and activity (dehydrogenase – DH, and fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis – FDAH, soil basal respiration – BR3) and their relationship to the variability of some physicochemical properties at the surface horizon of Phaeozem were studied. Soil samples were collected at 50 points at regular intervals 10 × 10 m in April and August 2007. Both biomass C and N concentration and FDAH activity showed significantly higher values in April than in August, while DH activity and BR3 range did not significantly differ between both sampling months. To characterise the spatial variability of the properties, spherical, linear or mixed (spherical/linear) models with (BR3, FDAH and MBC in April) or without (DH, FDAH, MBN and MBC in August) the nugget effect, were fitted to the calculated semivariograms. Soil basal respiration and FDA hydrolysis activity (April) were in moderate variability class (the nugget effect between 25 and 75 %), while only MBC in April was in the weak variability class (the nugget effect < 25 %). The ranges of influence calculated for microbiological properties data ranged from 10 to 17 m. Kriged maps displayed irregular distribution of microbial properties in the soil surface and their spatial distribution varied between April and August.
PL
W poziomie powierzchniowym (0-20 cm) czarnej ziemi badano zmienność czasowo-przestrzenną zawartości glebowej biomasy mikrobiologicznej (C i N biomasy mikrobiologicznej - MBC i MBN) oraz jej aktywności (aktywność dehydrogenaz - DH, poziom hydrolizy dioctanu fluoresceiny - FDAH oraz oddychanie glebowe - BR3). W kwietniu i w sierpniu 2007 r. pobrano 50 próbek glebowych z punktów zlokalizowanych w sztywnej siatce kwadratów (10 m 10 m). Wyniki opracowano metodami geostatystycznymi. Zmienność przestrzenną badanych parametrów przedstawiono za pomocą sferycznych lub mieszanych (sferyczno-liniowych) modeli semivariogamów, z efektem samorodka (BR3, FDAH i MBC w kwietniu) lub bez udziału zmienności losowej (DH, FDAH, MBN i MBC w sierpniu). Poziom oddychania gleby oraz aktywność FDAH (kwiecień) znajdowały się w średniej klasie zmienności (wariancja samorodka pomiędzy 25-75 %), jedynie zawartość MBC w kwietniu znajdowała się w niskiej klasie zmienności (wariancja samorodka < 25 %). Zakresy autokorelacji badanych zmiennych wynosiły od 10 do 17 m. Mapy rastrowe wykazały, że wartości badanych zmiennych były nieregularnie rozmieszczone na badanym obszarze. Ponadto, dla wszystkich badanych cech, z wyjątkiem FDAH, uzyskano odmienne rozmieszczenie przestrzenne wyników w obu terminach analiz.
EN
The research was based on a determination of dehydrogenase activity (DA) of activated sludge operating under high ammonium load conditions. The dehydrogenase activity analysis was made using an INT assay where the tetrazolium salt (eg. INT) serves as an artificial acceptor of protons from respiration chain. In spite the widespread use of the test several analytical problems have appeared. One of the failures was a precipitation reaction between the tetrazolium salt INT and nitrates. In addition, there were problems with the determination of optimal concentrations of INT and the optimal incubation time and a decrease in INT formazan production over time.
PL
Przedstawione doświadczanie obejmuje oznaczanie aktywności dehydrogenaz osadu czynnego pracującego w warunkach znacznego obciążenia ładunkiem azotu amonowego. Do oznaczania aktywności dehydrogenaz użyto INT, sól tetrazolową stanowiącą sztuczny akceptor protonów w łańcuchu oddechowym. Mimo powszechnej stosowalności tego testu podczas oznaczeń napotkano na szereg problemów analitycznych. Zaobserwowano zachodzenie reakcji strącania pomiędzy solą tetrazolową INT a grupą azotanową. Ponadto wystąpiły problemy z wyznaczeniem optymalnego stężenia INT oraz optymalnego czasu inkubacji, a także stwierdzono ubytek w czasie powstałego formazanu INT.
15
Content available remote Cadmium and copper toxicity assessment in activated sludge using TTC bioassay
EN
The aim of this work was to determine the effect of various cadmium and copper concentrations on the activated sludge dehydrogenase activity. The investigations were carried out in six aerated chambers with activated sludge, volume of 1L each, by the continuous culture method (one control chamber, not contaminated with heavy metals and five with 0.5; 1; 2; 4; 8 mg L-1 Cu+2 and 0.1; 0.3; 0.9; 2.7; 8.1 mg L-1 Cd2+). Cadmium sulfate and copper sulfate as a source of heavy metals were used. The concentrations of these metal ions, causing 50% dehydrogenase activity inhibition were determined. The particular attention was paid to the toxic effect of metal ions, as well as the variations of the microbial respiration activity proceeded during toxins exposition. The investigation showed that even the lowest concentration of the investigated metal ions caused significant changes of the activated sludge dehydrogenases activity. Copper ions showed to be more toxic than cadmium ions.
PL
Celem niniejszej pracy było określenie wpływu różnych stężeń kadmu i miedzi na aktywność dehydrogenaz mikroorganizmów osadu czynnego. Badania przeprowadzono z wykorzystaniem sześciu komór z napowietrzanym osadem czynnym, każda o objętości 1L (niezanieczyszczona próba stanowiła kontrolę, a pozostałe zawierały: 0,5; 1; 2; 4; 8 mg L-1 Cu+2 oraz 0,1; 0,3; 0,9; 2,7; 8,1 mg L-1 Cd2+). Metale wprowadzano do zawiesiny w postaci siarczanu kadmu i siarczanu miedzi. Wyznaczono stężenia jonów powodujące 50% zahamowanie aktywności dehydrogenaz. Szczególną uwagę zwrócono na porównanie toksyczności jonów obu metali oraz na zachodzące w czasie pod ich wpływem zmiany aktywności oddechowej mikroorganizmów. Badania wykazały, że nawet najniższe z zastosowanych stężeń badanych związków powodowały istotne zmiany w aktywności dehydrogenaz osadu. Jony miedzi okazały się być bardziej toksyczne niż jony kadmu.
PL
Przeprowadzono badania laboratoryjne nad wpływem różnych dawek soli Cu(II), Pb(II) i Cd(II) zastosowanych oddzielnie i łącznie na zmiany aktywności fosfatazy kwaśnej i zasadowej, dehydrogenazy i ureazy. Stwierdzono całkowitą inhibicję badanych enzymów pod wpływem największego stężenia (50 mmol/kg gleby). Generalnie wszystkie z zastosowanych w doświadczeniu soli metali ciężkich wpłynęły w większym stopniu inhibitująco na enzymy glebowe niż aktywująco.
EN
Laboratory investigations into the influence of various doses of Cu(II), Pb(II) and Cd(II) salts, applied parately and jointly, on changes in activity of acidic and alkaline phosphetasas and also dehydrogenase and uretase, were carried out. The complete inhibition of enzymes investigated, under the influence of the highest concentration (50 mmol/kg of soil), was stated. Genrally, all of the heavy metal salts used in the tests had more inhibiting than activating influence upon soil enzymes.
PL
Przeprowadzono badania laboratoryjne nad wpływem różnych stężeń soli Hg(II), Cr(III), Mn(II), Fe(II), Fe(III) na zmiany aktywności fosfatazy kwaśnej i zasadowej, dehydrogenazy oraz ureazy glebowej. Stwierdzono inhibicję aktywności ureazy oraz stosunkowo wysoką aktywację dehydrogenazy. Aktywność badanych fosfataz utrzymywała się na poziomie aktywności w glebie kontrolnej, jedynie sole rtęci wywołały inhibicję tego enzymu.
EN
Laboratory experiments were carried out on the influence of various concentrations of Hg(II), Cr(III), Mn(II), Fe(II), Fe(III) salts on the activity of acid and alkaline phosphatases, dehydrogenase, urease in soil. An inhibition of the urease activity, and a considerably high activation of dehydrogenase was found. The activity of both phosphatases was maintained at that of the control soil, with the exception of mercury salts which inhibited these enzymes.
PL
Przedstawiono wyniki doświadczeń laboratoryjnych nad wpływem różnych dawek soli miedzi i ołowiu od 0,5 do 50 [wzór] na zmiany aktywności enzymów glebowych w ciągu jednej doby. Stwierdzono inhibicję fofatazy kwaśnej i zasadowej pod wpływem wszystkich stosowanych dawek soli metali oraz obniżenie aktywności dehydrogenazy i ureazy przy najwyższych dawkach. Niewielką stymulację aktywności dehydrogenazy i ureazy zaobserwowano w 24 godz. doświadczenia przy dawkach niższych.
EN
The results of laboratory investigations on changes in soil enzymes activity under the influence of 0,5 - 50 [formula] of copper and lead salts during twenty-four hours are reported. The inhibition of acid and basic phosphatase was found, as a result of applying all used doses of tested heavy metals. The highest doses resulted in a decrease of activity of the soil dehydrogenase and urease. A slight stimulation of activity of this two enzymes was observed after 24 hours in soil treated with low doses of heavy metals salts.
PL
Przedstawiono wyniki doświadczeń laboratoryjnych nad wpływem różnych dawek insektycydu pyretroidowego Decisu 2,5 EC na zmiany aktywności enzymów glebowych: fosfatazy zasadowej i kwaśnej oraz dehydrogenazy w glebie inkubowanej w różnej temperaturze. Stwierdzono stymulację aktywności fosfatazy zasadowej i kwaśnej oraz inhibicję dehydrogenazy zwłaszcza w temp. 35 stopni C pod wpływem wszystkich stosowanych dawek Decisu. Ponadto wysokie stężenie Decisu powoduje inhibicję dehydrogenazy w glebie w największym stopniu w temp. 10 i 35 stopni C oraz w znacznie mniejszym niż 20 stopni C.
EN
Resuls of laboratory - experiments over influence different doses of the pyrethroid insecticide Decis 2,5 EC on changes of activity of soil enzyms: alkaline and acid phosphatase and dehydrogenase in soil incubated in different temperature was presented. Stimulation of acid and alkaline phosphatase activity and inhibition of the dehydrogenase activity under influence all of practical doses of Decis was found, especially in the temperature 35 degrees C. High concentration of Decis causes inhibitory effect on dehydrogenase activity in soil in greatest degree in temperature 10 and 35 degrees C and in considerably smaller at 20 degrees C.
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