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PL
Ścieki przemysłowe mogą stanowić potencjalne źródło węgla dla denitryfikacji i defosfatacji biologicznej. Z drugiej strony zbyt wysoka zawartość azotu i fosforu może być czynnikiem limitującym wymienione procesy. Jakie są plusy a jakie minusy oczyszczania ścieków przemysłowych w oczyszczalni komunalnej?
2
Content available remote Wpływ czynników środowiskowych na proces biologicznej defosfatacji
EN
Researching the influence of sewage temperature, pH. NaCI, NaSO, and ammonium nitrogen concentration, amount of organic carbon.
PL
Artykuł zawiera obszerny przegląd i ocenę stanu badań nad oczyszczaniem ścieków w sekwencyjnych reaktorach typu SBR. Autorka analizuje relacjonowane w literaturze przedmiotu wyniki badań nad przebiegiem procesów jednostkowych z podziałem na reaktory, w których poza rozkładem związków węgla przebiega tylko usuwanie azotu lub tylko usuwanie fosforu oraz układy ze zintegrowanym usuwaniem obu biogenów. Szczegółowa analiza warunków technologicznych zachodzenia procesu nitryfikacji, denitryfikacji, uwalniania i wiązania ortofosforanów w reaktorach SBR (z uwzględnieniem czynników inhibitujących) porządkuje dostępną wiedzę w tym zakresie. W artykule zasygnalizowano rezultaty badań laboratoryjnych nad oczyszczaniem ścieków w reaktorze SBR z długotrwałym dawkowaniem ścieków w zmiennych warunkach tlenowych poprzez selektor, "przeciwstawiając" tę technologię dość szczegółowo opisanej w literaturze technologii dump fill (o krótkim czasie napełniania). Wskazano na konieczność prowadzenia dalszych badań nad technologią SBR, ponieważ przebieg procesów jednostkowych w porcjowych systemach oczyszczania ścieków ciągle nie jest tak dobrze udokumentowany w literaturze jak analogiczne procesy zachodzące w reaktorach przepływowych.
EN
The article contains an extensive review and assessment of the research status of the sequencing batch reactors - SBR. The author analyses the research outcome of elementary processes in which the decomposition of carbon compounds is accompanied only by the elimination of denitrification or dephosphorisation as well as the circuits with the integrated elimination of both biogens. Detailed analysis of the technological conditions of nitrification, denitrification, release and accumulation of ortophosphates in SBRs (with the consideration of inhibitors) shows the available knowledge in this respect. A significant obstacle in the integrated nitrogen and phosphorus removal in batch reactors is the different optimal sludge age for nitrfication, denitrification and biological phosphorus removal. In the cycle of nitrogen transformations the most significant process is nitrification, which eliminates ammonia nitrogen from wastewater and supplies substrats for denitrification. Since nitrificants have much longer time of generation than heterotrophs, the sludge age, which enables the development and the growth of nitrification bacteria, is required in order to secure nitrification in the system. Their growth rate depends on temperature, dissolved oxygen concentration and pH. The high sludge age for nitrification is in the conflict with the requirements for denitrification. In consequence in conventional SBR reactors it leads to decrease of C:N ratio and to drop of the total nitrogen removal efficiency. High sludge age is not conductive to development of appropriate big population of phosphorus accumulation bacteria (PAO). As essential parameter in integrated nitrogen and phosphorus removal also the right selection of oxic, anaerobic or anoxic phases duration time is given. The article highlights positive results of lab research on wastewater treatment in the SBRs of long lasting sewage filling in the variable anaerobic and aerobic conditions juxtaposing this technology to the dump fill technology described in detail in the literature. The need for further research on SBRs was indicated because the unitary processes in the period systems of wastewater treatment is not documented in the literature so well as the analogous processes, which take place in the flow reactors.
6
Content available remote Wpływ soli metali ciężkich na proces biologicznej defosfatacji w reaktorze SBR
EN
Sequencing Batch Reactor systems treating artificial wastewater were operated. The systems were designed to study the effect of various components on biological phosphorus removal (BPR) process. In order to avoid nitrification the systems were operated at purposefully low sludge age (ca. 4.0 d). The characteristics of artificial wastewater was adequate to the composition of municipal wastewater with the exception for suspended matter (no solids added) and total phosphorus (high phosphorus content was set in order to avoid full biological dephosphatation - P=22 gP/m3). The behaviour of SBR activated sludge intoxicated with heavy metals was examined. Three SBRs were operated - one as reference reactor, the second with cadmium chloride (CdCl2) added to the influent and the third one with zinc chloride (ZnCl2) in the influent. All reactors were fed from the same source, except for the heavy metals dosed separately. Heavy metals were applied with the increasing doses - the lowest dose of cadmium was 0.2 mgCd/dm3 and zinc 0.5 mgZn/m3, and the highest 2.0 mg/m3 for both metals. It was observed that even the lowest doses of both metals influenced BPR negatively. Both metals caused sludge bulking and for the same heavy metal doses the effect was more intense for zinc. The decrease in active sludge total solids was observed for both metals' salts. Also the decrease of sludge phosphorus content was observed testifying that PAOs were being continuously washed out of the system. The solids phosphorus content was between 6.2 and 9.0% in reference reactor and it dropped to 3.3% and 3.0% for zinc and cadmium respectively with the highest metal doses. Effluent phosphorus concentrations were gradually increasing with higher metal doses. The lowest heavy metals' doses that caused the deterioration of BPR are lower than the concentrations permitted by Polish regulations for the discharge to the sewage system (0.4 mgCd/dm3 and 5.0 mgZn/dm3). According to our results the permissible concentration of zinc may cause severe sludge bulking and deteriorate the BPR completely.
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