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1

Mały, a wielki pierwiastek - żelazo i jego rola w życiu człowieka

Martula Emilia, Morak-Młodawska Beata, Jeleń Małgorzata

Laboratorium - Przegląd Ogólnopolski

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2023

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nr 1

51--56

PL

Anemia, inaczej nazywana niedokrwistością jest jedną najczęściej występujących chorób hematologicznych. Dotyka osoby w każdym wieku: dzieci, dorosłych, a także osoby starsze. Stan ten jest następstwem pewnych zaburzeń dotyczących krwi. Zaliczamy do nich między innymi zbyt niski poziom hemoglobiny, obniżony hematokryt, czyli stosunek liczby czerwonych krwinek do pozostałych składników krwi, a także niski poziom erytrocytów - czerwonych krwinek. Krew osoby z anemią ma ograniczoną zdolność do transportu tlenu, czego efektem jest niedostateczne utlenowanie tkanek i narządów. Najczęściej występującą postacią niedokrwistości jest ta związana z deficytem żelaza, tzw. niedokrwistość syderopeniczna. Niedobór żelaza jest dość częstym zjawiskiem występującym wśród kobiet ze względu na ich fizjologię, ale może być również spowodowany dietą ubogą w ten pierwiastek. Niniejszy artykuł poświęcony żelazu ma za zadanie przybliżyć czytelnikowi, jak dużą rolę odgrywa w naszym organizmie, a także jak ważna jest jego prawidłowa suplementacja i jakie negatywne skutki może wywołać jego niedobór.

EN

Anaemia is one of the most common haematological diseases. It affects people of all ages: children, adults as well as the elderly. The condition is a consequence of certain disorders affecting the blood. These include too low a level of haemoglobin, a reduced hematocrit, or the ratio of red blood cells to other blood components, and a low level of erythrocytes - red blood cells. The blood of a person with anaemia has a reduced ability to transport oxygen, resulting in inadequate oxygenation of tissues and organs. The most common form of anaemia is that associated with iron deficiency known as sideropenic anaemia. Iron deficiency is quite common among women, due to monthly menstruation, but it can also be caused by a diet deficient in this element. This article on iron is intended to give the reader an idea of how big a role it plays in our bodies, the importance of its proper supplementation and the negative effects its deficiency con cause.

2

Nieprawidłowości i uchybienia w zakresie formułowania postanowień umów w sprawie zamówień publicznych na roboty budowlane realizowane w formule „zbuduj”

Więcław-Bator L.

Budownictwo i Prawo

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2017

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R. 20, nr 3

26--31

PL

W artykule wskazano i przeanalizowano najczęściej występujące nieprawidłowości i uchybienia w zakresie formułowania postanowień umów o roboty budowlane przez podmioty zobligowane do stosowania ustawy Prawo zamówień publicznych. Celem autorki było sformułowanie zaleceń, których wdrożenie umożliwi zminimalizowanie liczby pytań wykonawców do treści specyfikacji istotnych warunków zamówienia (SIWZ), postępowań odwoławczych i sądowych oraz usprawni realizację i rozliczanie przedsięwzięć budowlanych. Autorka wskazała elementy, które powinna zawierać umowa o roboty budowlane polegające na budowie obiektu budowlanego w formule "zbuduj", aby należycie zabezpieczała interesy zamawiającego (inwestora), generalnego wykonawcy, podwykonawców i dalszych podwykonawców robót budowlanych.

EN

The article identifies and analyzes the most frequently occurring irregularities and deficiencies in the formulation of provisions of building work contracts by entities obliged to apply the Public Procurement Law Act. The aim of the author was to formulate recommendations, the implementation of which will allow to minimize the number of questions of contractors to the content of the terms of reference (SIWZ),to appeal and court proceedings, and to improve the realization and settlement of construction projects. The author pointed out the elements which should include the construction contract consisting in erecting a building in the formula "build" to property protect the interests of the contracting authority (investor), general contractor, subcontractors and other subcontractors of building work.

3

Problem of water supply in the Ostra and Zawadka catchements in Dębica area (Poland)

Andrychowicz A., Kawa K.

Geology, Geophysics and Environment

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2015

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Vol. 41, no. 1

57--58

EN

Constantly growing demand of water makes it necessary to search for new perspective areas in terms of gain groundwater. Dębica area is located on the border of two geological units: the Outer Carpathians and the Carpathian Foredeep. Currently, that area suffers from water deficiency, which would have been earmarked for utility purposes. To understand this problem quantitative and qualitative assessment of the groundwater status in two catchements on this area was made. Research in the catchments of Ostra and Zawadka was made on September 2013. For the purpose of estimating the size of quantitative resource of Zawadka and Ostra catchments the method based on information of the recharging infiltration rate was used (Nescieruk et al. 1992, Korzec & Dendys 2014, Mars 2014). Calculation of flow rate was based on measurements of floating object method and volumetric method (Bajkiewicz-Grabowska & Magnuszewski 2002). Furthermore, the depth of the groundwater table was estimated based on measurements performed on the wells located in that area. For qualitative status assessment samples were taken for physico-chemical analysis, which was made by accredited hydrogeochemical laboratory KHiGI AGH UST (Stefańska 2014). Bacteriological analysis was carried out in the sanitary-epidemiological station in Jasło. The results were used to perform water tablemap, define disposable resources (2902.2 m3/d in Zawadka catchement and 4940.3 m3/d in Ostra catchement) and admissible volume of ground-water evaluation (1802.2 m3/d in Zawadka catchement and 4191.9 m3/d in Ostra catchement) (Dendys & Korzec 2014, Mars 2014). Finally, quantitative status of Ostra and Zawadka catchment was classified as good. The results of chemical analysis were compared with the Ministry of Health Regulation about health suitability of water for human consumption. The value of nitrates was up over 100 mg/L (at the permitted 50 mg/L) at Ostra catchenment. Additionally, water cannot be collected, due to exceeded value of the bacterial content of Coliform Group Bacteria and Escherichia coli at Zawadka and Ostra catchement. In summary water is not suitable for drinking (compared with Ministry of Health Regulation – Rozporządzenie...2010).

4

Prognoza strategii Bundeswehry w dobie niedoboru ropy naftowej

Czarnota Zygmunt, Moszumański Zbigniew

Wiedza Obronna

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2011

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nr 4

18--27

5

Constraint Satisfaction Problems in Clausal Form II: Minimal Unsatisfiability and Conflict Structure

Kullmann O.

Fundamenta Informaticae

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2011

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Vol. 109, nr 1

83-119

EN

Concluding this mini-series of 2 articles on the foundations of generalised clause-sets, we study the combinatorial properties of non-boolean conjunctive normal forms (clause-sets), allowing arbitrary (but finite) sets of values for variables, while literals express that some variable shall not get some (given) value. First we study the properties of the direct translation (or "encoding") of generalised clause-sets into boolean clause-sets. Many combinatorial properties are preserved, and as a result we can lift fixed-parameter tractability of satisfiability in the maximal deficiency from the boolean case to the general case. Then we turn to irredundant clause-sets, which generalise minimally unsatisfiable clause-sets, and we prove basic properties. The simplest irredundant clause-sets are hitting clause-sets, and we provide characterisations and generalisations. Unsatisfiable irredundant clause-sets are the minimally unsatisfiable clause-sets, and we provide basic tools. These tools allow us to characterise the minimally unsatisfiable clause-sets of minimal deficiency. Finally we provide a new translation of generalised boolean clause-sets into boolean clause-sets, the nested translation, which preserves the conflict structure. As an application, we can generalise results for boolean clause-sets regarding the hermitian rank/defect, especially the characterisation of unsatisfiable hitting clause-sets where between every two clauses we have exactly one conflict. We conclude with a list of open problems, and a discussion of the "generic translation scheme".

6

Constraint Satisfaction Problems in Clausal Form I: Autarkies and Deficiency

Kullmann O.

Fundamenta Informaticae

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2011

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Vol. 109, nr 1

27-81

EN

We consider the problem of generalising boolean formulas in conjunctive normal form by allowing non-boolean variables, with the goal of maintaining combinatorial properties. Requiring that a literal involves only a single variable, the most general form of literals are the wellknown "signed literals", corresponding to unary constraints in CSP. However we argue that only the restricted form of "negative monosigned literals" and the resulting generalised clause-sets, corresponding to "sets of no-goods" in the AI literature, maintain the essential properties of boolean conjunctive normal forms. In this first part of a mini-series of two articles, we build up a solid foundation for (generalised) clause-sets, including the notion of autarky systems, the interplay between autarkies and resolution, and basic notions of (DP-)reductions. As a basic combinatorial parameter of generalised clause-sets we introduce the (generalised) notion of deficiency, which in the boolean case is the difference between the number of clauses and the number of variables. Autarky theory plays a fundamental role here, and we concentrate especially on matching autarkies (based on matching theory). A natural task is to determine the structure of (matching) lean clause-sets, which do not admit non-trivial (matching) autarkies. A central result is the computation of the lean kernel (the largest lean subset) of a (generalised) clause-set in polynomial time for bounded maximal deficiency.

7

Niedobór i rozkład opadów w Siedlcach w latach 1971-2005

Radzka E., Koc G., Rak J., Jankowska J.

Przegląd Naukowy Inżynieria i Kształtowanie Środowiska

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2007

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Vol. 16, No. 3

33--38

EN

Meteorological data from 1971-2005 from a meteorological station situated in Siedlce coma from the Institute of Meteorology and Water Management (IMGW). In the present paper, the number of days with recorded precipitation was determined applying the criterion of Olechowicz-Bobrowska. In order to examine moisture excess and shortage a (P-ETR) index (climatic water balance) was calculated. Dry and wet months were determined following the Kaczorowska method. Sequences of days without rain were determined on the basis of Koźmiński criterion (1986). An average number of days with recorded precipitation (≥ 0.1 mm) during the growing season amounted to 83 days. The periods without rain over the growing seasons most and least frequently occurred in April, August and October, and in June respectively. The highest water shortages in the analysed multi-year period were recorded in May and August. The positive balance between precipitation and evaporation was observed only in the autumn months (September, October).