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Baszta Gołębnik w Toruniu jako element średniowiecznych umocnień miasta w świetle wyników badań architektonicznych

Kucharzewska Joanna

Wiadomości Konserwatorskie

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2024

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Nr 77

7--23

PL

Średniowieczna baszta, która nazwę „Gołębnik” zyskała dopiero w XIX w., nie była przedmiotem osobnych opracowań naukowych. W wyniku badań architektonicznych ustalono, że jej najstarszym fragmentem (z XIII w.) jest ściana północna do wysokości pierwszego piętra, będąca odcinkiem muru obronnego Starego Miasta. Baszta powstała w jednym etapie (w 4. ćw. XIV w.), choć zapewne przy udziale kilku ekip budowlanych. Wyposażono ją w strzelnice, a te, które się zachowały, zostały uczytelnione we wnętrzu (w 2011 r.). Trzy ściany od strony przedmurza dekorowane były ostrołucznymi wnękami, których pola wypełniała dekoracja maswerkowa rytowana i malowana. Forma maswerkowych zdobień odkrytych w blendach wskazuje – na podstawie miejscowych analogii – że one także powstały w 4. ćw. XIV w., czyli w okresie, kiedy miasto konsumowało efekty rozwoju gospodarczego, odzwierciedlającego się także we wzroście aktywności budowlanej.

EN

The medieval tower, which was named Gołębnik (Eng. dovecote) only in the nineteenth century, has not been the subject of dedicated academic studies. As a result of an architectural investigation, it was concluded that the oldest fragment of the tower (from the thirteenth century) is the northern wall up to the height of the first floor, which is also a section of the defensive wall of the Old Town. The tower was built in one stage (in the fourth quarter of the fourteenth century), most probably with the participation of several construction crews. It was equipped with embrasures, and those that survived were uncovered inside (in 2011). Three walls on the side of the bulwark were decorated with ogival niches, whose fields were filled with engraved and painted tracery decoration. The form of tracery decorations discovered in the blendes indicates—based on local analogies—that they were also created in the fourth quarter of the fourteenth century, i.e., in the period when the city was benefiting from the effects of economic development, which was also reflected in the increase of construction activity.

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Voice in the discussion about the original architecture of the Powder Tower and the 16th century third defensive line in the Lviv Middletown

Bevz Mykola Bevz

Teka Komisji Architektury, Urbanistyki i Studiów Krajobrazowych

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2021

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T. 17, nr 2

76--86

EN

The Powder Tower was an integral part of the third defensive line, which was laid around the Lviv City Centre since 1522. The active phase of construction of the third line begins after 1527 (the Great Fire of Lviv) and continues until the end of 1540. Construction took place during twenty years when the city was exempt from paying taxes to the state royal treasury and could spend money on the modernization of fortifications. In the article, we prove that the date of its construction should be considered 1522−1535 based on the analysis of the defensive parameters of the Powder Tower, its architectural and typological characteristics. Although in the literature most often we can find that construction of the tower was conducted in 1554−1556. In my opinion, at this time there could only be some kind of modernization of the building – the construction of an additional last tier, covering galleries or installing a roof over the entire building. A defence facility of such cubic capacity could not be built in 2 or 3 years. Therefore, given the Great Fire in the city in 1527, the following dating scheme looks very logical: the beginning of work – in 1522, completion – in 1535 and modernization – in 1554−1556. The environment around the Powder Tower, in addition to the extraordinary value of architectural space, has preserved archaeological remains of a unique complex of fortifications of the XIV-XVI centuries. Improvement and and architectural and landscape transformations of the territory around the Powder Tower should be considered as a complex regeneration of the eastern side of the fortifications of the Lviv city centre, which consisted of three defensive lines: a High wall (from the port Ruthenica, Mulyarska and Rymarska towers), a Low wall with three small bastei, the Third belt of fortifications. Unlike the Low wall, the third defensive line of artillery bastions surrounds the city centre on all four sides. The third belt of fortifications had constant phases of modernization and reconstruction. After its construction in 1522−1540 and modernization in 1554−1556 and further reconstruction of its individual objects took place. For example, in the eastern part of the third line: the north-eastern rondel eventually became the Royal belleward; the empty Powder Tower at the beginning received the upper tier with machicolations, and later the roof; the Carmelite entrance was gradually transformed due to the standards of the defensive gate; the triangular bastei was rebuilt into a “fifth-form” bastion; the Royal Rondel in the south-eastern corner of the defensive belt received a high upper part.

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The complex of St. Florian and St. Catherine church in Gołąb as a unique example of military art of Lublin voivodeship

Krupa K., Gleń P.

Czasopismo Inżynierii Lądowej, Środowiska i Architektury / Journal of Civil Engineering, Environment and Architecture

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2018

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z. 65, nr 1

151--160

EN

With the development of the civilization and the need to ensure safety for the next generation and cultural material, it became more and more vital to provide defence in case of danger. That is why, the character of residential space and historical architecture was influenced by the conflicts, which had various forms. Aside from the buildings, which were fulfilling visible and explicitly defined military function like e.g. fortresses or defence walls, there were also others that have been subjected to the process of incastellation to respond to the needs of the society. Giving the defensive character to the buildings that had originally completely different purpose, especially religious, had been developed since the Roman times. Military art was purely functional at the beginning. Later it was intertwined with decorations and other architectonic elements that were occurring e.g. in churches and conventual complexes. The aim of this article is to analyse the expression of the late Renaissance architecture with the elements of military art (ars militaris) in the discussed church, the Loreto Chapel and the wall, which together constitute the religious complex of St. Florian and St. Catherine in Gołąb in Lublin Voivodeship. Referring to functional and architectural-construction solutions of the subject of our research, the author discusses the topic of giving defensive character to religious buildings while keeping their functional layout, decorativeness and rich architectural expression typical for the architecture of the Lublin Renaissance.

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Ochrona historycznej architektury obronnej w stanie ruiny

Krempa A., Wolnik M., Zawilińska M., Waszczyszyn E.

PUA Przestrzeń Urbanistyka Architektura

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2017

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Vol. 1

297--313

PL

Zgodnie z międzynarodowymi doktrynami konserwatorskimi najlepszą metodą ochrony zamków jest pozostawienie ich w stanie trwałej ruiny. Ciekawym i również poprawnym rozwiązaniem tego problemu jest uzupełnienie historycznej tkanki współczesnymi elementami. Jednakże coraz częściej mamy do czynienia z działaniami takimi jak rekonstrukcja, które budzą wiele wątpliwości i są niezgodne z wszelkimi dokumentami doktrynalnymi. W niniejszym artykule opisujemy różnorodne podejście do ochrony zabytków na przykładzie dziewięciu polskich zamków.

EN

According to the international doctrinal documents of restoration, the best method of protecting castles is leaving them in permanent ruin. Really interesting and correct solution of that problem is infilling historic buildings with new elements. Nevertheless, we have to deal with activities, such as reconstruction, which are open to doubt and inconsistent with any doctrinal documents. In this article we attempted to describe various approaches of protection of monuments in nine examples of Polish castles.

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Cegła i beton : zmiany konstrukcyjne i materiałowe twierdzy w Modlinie i Brześciu w XIX wieku

Feduszka J.

Ceramika Budowlana

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2017

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nr 1-2

30--32

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Abu Qir fortresses as vital assets for tourism motivation and community development

Sharaf El Din S., Fekry F., El Menchawy A.

Wiadomości Konserwatorskie

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2013

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Nr 34

48--56

EN

Abu Qir Bay region in the eastern part of Alexandria is a promising site that needs to be developed in order to compete in the touristic map of Alexandria, Egypt. This coastal zone can be an axis for development hosting important distinguished fortresses that may form attraction poles for internal and external tourism. Historic buildings help defi ne the character of our communities by providing a tangible link with the past. Fortresses and fortifi cations are as old as the history of mankind itself. Reinvesting and renewed utilization of old historical buildings can cover the expenses of maintenance and enhance the surrounding urban environment. Even though, this area is one of the most crowded places with lack of facilities; this area deserves to be developed with its unique architecture style represented in its fortresses and eco tourism assets. Revitalization with the proper guidelines can revive the architectural old buildings and their surrounding environment to create sustainable tourism and economy development.

PL

Region Zatoki Abu Kir we wschodniej części Aleksandrii jest obszarem o dużym potencjale inwestycyjnym, który może stać się istotnym punktem na turystycznej mapie Aleksandrii. Ta nadbrzeżna strefa może stanowić oś rozwoju, jako miejsce, gdzie znajdują się unikalne fortece, które mogą stać się atrakcyjnymi obiektami dla turystyki krajowej i zagranicznej. Te historyczne budowle nadają charakter naszym społecznościom jako namacalne łączniki z przeszłością. Fortece i umocnienia są tak stare jak sama historia ludzkości. Nowe inwestycje i sposoby wykorzystania zabytkowych budowli mogą pokryć koszty ich utrzymania i podnieść rangę otaczającego je środowiska miejskiego. Chociaż obszar ten jest jednym z najbardziej zatłoczonych i pozbawionych infrastruktury, zasługuje on na zagospodarowanie dzięki swemu wyjątkowemu stylowi architektonicznemu, jaki reprezentują fortece, oraz atutom eko-turystycznym. Rewitalizacja przeprowadzona zgodnie z właściwymi wytycznymi może ożywić architekturę starych budowli i ich otoczenia, tak by spowodować zrównoważony rozwój turystyczny i gospodarczy.

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Ochrona zabytków architektury obronnej na przykładzie twierdzy Kostrzyn - granice architektury, urbanistyki i krajobrazu kulturowego

Eckert W.

Czasopismo Techniczne. Architektura

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2003

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R. 100, z. 8-A

152--158

EN

During last World War the old town of Kostrzyn has been almost completely destroyed. It has been rebuilt until now. It is possible to put the question: If leaving this major European fortification in the form of permanent ruin will be the precedent that trace the limits of architecture, urban and cultural landscape.

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Krajowy Program Ministerstwa Kultury i Sztuki "Ochrona i Konserwacja Architektury Obronnej"

Molski P.

Wiadomości Konserwatorskie

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1998

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Nr 3-4

11--13