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1

Co nowego w CERN?

Nowina-Konopka Małgorzata

Postępy Techniki Jądrowej

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2023

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z. 2

2--6

PL

W listopadzie 2022 r. CERN podpisał umowę ze Szpitalem Uniwersyteckim w Lozannie (CHUV) i firmą technologii medycznej THERYQ na opracowanie nowatorskiego urządzenia do radioterapii „FLASH”. Urządzenie – pierwsze tego rodzaju i oparte na technologii CERN – będzie wykorzystywać elektrony o bardzo wysokiej energii (VHEE) do leczenia nowotworów opornych na konwencjonalne metody, przy zmniejszonych skutkach ubocznych. Obecnie ok. jedna trzecia nowotworów jest oporna na konwencjonalną radioterapię. Fizycy potrafią uzyskać w akceleratorach cząstek lekkie antyatomy, jak antyhel czy antydeuter. Dotychczas jednak nie zaobserwowano ich w przestrzeni kosmicznej. Tymczasem z modeli teoretycznych wynika, że antyatomy, podobnie zresztą jak antyprotony, mogą powstawać zarówno w wyniku zderzeń promieniowania kosmicznego z materią międzygwiezdną, jak i podczas wzajemnej anihilacji cząstek antymaterii. Sygnałów takich poszukuje m.in. zbudowany przez CERN spektrometr AMS (Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer) zainstalowany na Międzynarodowej Stacji Kosmicznej. Airbus UpNext, spółka zależna należąca w całości do Airbusa, oraz CERN, Europejskie Laboratorium Fizyki Cząstek, rozpoczęły projekt mający na celu ocenę, w jaki sposób nadprzewodnictwo może przyczynić się do dekarbonizacji przyszłych systemów lotniczych. Demonstrator Super-Conductor for Aviation with Low Emissions (SCALE) ma na celu promowanie adaptacji i wdrażania technologii nadprzewodników w lotniczych systemach dystrybucji energii elektrycznej. Bozon W, podstawowa cząstka przenosząca naładowane oddziaływanie słabe, był przedmiotem nowych precyzyjnych pomiarów jego masy w eksperymencie ATLAS w CERN. Wstępny wynik, przedstawiony w nowej notatce konferencyjnej zaprezentowanej na konferencji Rencontres de Moriond, opiera się na ponownej analizie próbki 14 mln kandydatów na bozony W, wyprodukowanych w zderzeniach proton-proton w Wielkim Zderzaczu Hadronów (LHC), sztandarowym akceleratorze cząstek w CERN.

EN

In November, CERN signed a contract with the University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV) and medical technology company THERYQ to develop a novel "FLASH" radiotherapy device. The device – the first of its kind and based on CERN technology – will use very high energy electrons (VHEE) to treat cancers that are resistant to conventional treatments, with reduced side effects. Currently, about a third of cancers are resistant to conventional radiotherapy. Physicists can obtain light anti-atoms, such as antihelium and antideuterium, in particle accelerators. So far, however, they have not been observed in space. Meanwhile, theoretical models show that antiatoms, similarly to antiprotons, can be formed both as a result of collisions of comic radiation with interstellar matter, and during mutual annihilation of antimatter particles. Looking for such signals, e.g. the CERN-built AMS (Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer) instrument installed on the International Space Station. Airbus UpNext, a wholly owned subsidiary of Airbus, and CERN, the European Laboratory for Particle Physics, have launched a project to assess how superconductivity can contribute to the decarbonisation of future aviation systems. The Super-Conductor for Aviation with Low Emissions (SCALE) demonstrator aims to promote the adoption and implementation of superconductor technology in aviation electrical power distribution systems. The W boson, a fundamental particle that carries the charged weak force, was the subject of a new precision measurement of its mass by the ATLAS experiment at CERN. The preliminary result, reported in a new conference note presented at the Rencontres de Moriond conference, is based on a reanalysis of a sample of 14 million W boson candidates produced in proton–proton collisions at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), CERN’s flagship particle accelerator.

2

Tajemnicza ciemna materia: aksjony coraz trudniejsze do wykrycia

Nowina Konopka M.

Postępy Techniki Jądrowej

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2018

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z. 1

47--49

PL

Ciemna materia stanowi relikt termiczny Wielkiego Wybuchu. Jej istnienie jest obecnie dominującym wytłumaczeniem obserwowanych anomalii w rotacji galaktyk oraz ruchu galaktyk w gromadach. Ciemnej materii poszukuje się obecnie w trzech kierunkach. Zgodnie z jedną koncepcją ciemna materia jest zwykłą materią barionową (złożoną z protonów i neutronów), takie obiekty nazywamy MACHO. Według drugiej to nieznane cząstki elementarne zwane WIMP-ami. Ważną możliwość, stanowią aksjony – neutralne cząstki ciemnej materii, o bardzo małej masie. Intensywne badania są prowadzone zarówno jako nowe eksperymenty jak i poprzez analizę dawnych danych. Wszystkie nowe wyniki elektryzują świat fizyków.

EN

Dark matter is the thermal relic of the Big Bang. Its existence is currently the dominant explanation for the observed anomalies in the rotation of galaxies and the movement of galaxies in clusters. Nowadays, dark matter is being sought in three directions. According to one concept, dark matter is ordinary baryon matter (composed of protons and neutrons), such objects are called MACHO. According to the second, these are unknown elementary particles called WIMPs. An important possibility are the axions - neutral particles of dark matter, with a very low mass. Intensive research is conducted as new experiments and analysis of old data. All new results electrify the world of physicists.

3

Quantitative Support for Borowski’s Theory of Gravitation

Persinger M. A.

International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy

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2013

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Vol. 12

67--71

EN

The Borowski Theory of Gravitation (BTG) indicates that movements of mass such as planets through space are determined by differential pressures from dark matter. One of the consequences of the final epoch is that there would be no matter but only distance. Quantitative solutions indicate that the tensor to set universal average dark matter pressure equal to G, the gravitational constant, would require that the terminal length would be ~2.2∙1069 m or effectively identical to current estimates of energy equivalence of the universal mass. For the earth’s orbit the force from the dark pressure is the same order of magnitude as the force associated with the product of the planet’s mass and background free oscillations whose origins are still ambiguous. The convergences of solutions suggest that the BTG may reveal alternative interpretations and mechanisms for the role of gravitation in planetary motion.

4

Actual picture of the law of universal gravitation and the quantum gravity theory describing the real state of the universe

Borowski T.

International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy

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2013

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Vol. 11

44--53

EN

This paper presents the real sense of the classical and quantum theory of gravitation as a component of the actual picture of the universe where the volume, as the size of the expanding universe, approaches infinity, while the total of material masses goes to zero. At present, these two standard theories describe the phenomenon of gravitation but do not explain the very mechanism and the cause of this process. This constant and real lack of information on that subject is consistent with natural laws and the same with the laws of physics, which were already experimentally determined by Werner Heisenberg in 1927. The paper also presents the causes of inability to explain up to the present the actual picture of the essence of the universe.

5

The new theory of gravitation representing the movement of planets

Borowski T.

International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy

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2012

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Vol. 1

1-5

EN

In this paper, a theory of the phenomenon of planetary circulation around the Sun is presented, as well as the stability of solar systems is explained. This theory describes the circulation of planets and Rother mass-holding bodies around the Sun as a phenomenon consisting in the principle of differentia pressure in solar systems and thus excludes gravitation phenomenon as the phenomenon of attraction.

6

A Possible Planetary Event OGLE-2002-BLG-055

Jaroszyński M., Paczyński B.

Acta Astronomica

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2002

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Vol. 52, No. 4

361--367

EN

The microlensing event OGLE-2002-BLG-055 has a single, but very reliable data point, deviating upward from a single source microlensing light curve by 0.6 mag. The simplest interpretation calls for a binary lens with a strong parallax effect and the mass ratio in the range of 0.01-0.001, putting the companion in the Jupiter mass range. Given only a single deviant point it is impossible to fit a unique model. We propose a modification of the OGLE observing strategy: instant verification of reality of future deviant points, followed by frequent time sampling, to make a unique model fit possible.

7

Local Group Velocity Versus Gravity: Nonlinear Effects

Ciecieląg P., Chodorowski M., Kudlicki A.

Acta Astronomica

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2001

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Vol. 51, No. 2

103--115

EN

We use numerical simulations to study the relation between the velocity of the Local Group (LG) and its gravitational acceleration. This relation serves as a test for the kinematic origin of the CMB dipole and as a method for estimating β≡Ω0.6/b. We calculate the misalignment angle between the two vectors and compare it to the observed value for the PSCz survey. The latter value is beyond the upper limit of the 90% confidence interval for the angle; therefore, the nonlinear effects are unlikely to be responsible for the whole observed misalignment. We also study the relation between the amplitudes of the LG velocity and gravity vectors. In an Ω=1 Universe, the smoothed gravity of the LG turns out to be a biased low estimator of the LG (unsmoothed) velocity. In an Ω=0.3 Universe, the estimator is biased high. The discussed biases are, however, only a few per cent, thus the linear theory works to good accuracy. The gravity-based estimator of the LG velocity has also a scatter that limits the precision of the estimate of β in the LG velocity-gravity comparisons. The random error of β due to nonlinear effects amounts to several per cent.

8

Difference Image Analysis of the OGLE-II Bulge Data. II. Microlensing Events

Woźniak P. R., Udalski A., Szymański M., Kubiak M., Pietrzyński G., Soszyński I., Żebruń K.

Acta Astronomica

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2001

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Vol. 51, No. 3

175--219

EN

We present a sample of microlensing events discovered in the Difference Image Analysis (DIA) of the OGLE-II images collected during three observing seasons, 1997-1999. 4424 light curves pass our criteria on the presence of a brightening episode on top of a constant baseline. Among those, 512 candidate microlensing events were selected visually. We designed an automated procedure, which unambiguously selects up to 237 best events. Including eight candidate events recovered by other means, a total of 520 light curves are presented in this work. In addition to microlensing events, the larger sample contains certain types of transients, but is also strongly contaminated by artifacts. All 4424 light curves in the weakly filtered group are available electronically, with the intent of showing the gray zone between microlensing events and variable stars, as well as artifacts, to some extent inevitable in massive data reductions. We welcome suggestions for improving the selection process before the full analysis of complete four seasons of the OGLE-II bulge data. Selection criteria for binary events can also be investigated with our extended sample.

9

The Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment. Catalog of Microlensing Events in the Galactic Bulge

Udalski A., Żebruń K., Szymański M., Kubiak M., Pietrzyński G., Soszyński I., Woźniak P.

Acta Astronomica

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2000

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Vol. 50, No. 1

1--65

EN

We present the Catalog of microlensing events detected toward the Galactic bulge in three observing seasons, 1997-1999, during the OGLE-II microlensing survey. The search for microlensing events was performed using a database of about 4×109 photometric measurements of about 20.5 million stars from the Galactic bulge. The Catalog comprises 214 microlensing events found in the fields covering about 11 square degrees on the sky and distributed in different parts of the Galactic bulge. The sample includes 20 binary microlensing events, 14 of them are caustic crossing. In one case a double star is likely lensed. We present distribution of the basic parameters of microlensing events and show preliminary rate of microlensing in different regions of the Galactic bulge. The latter reveals clear dependence on the Galactic coordinates. The dependence on l indicates that the majority of lenses toward the Galactic bulge are located in the Galactic bar. Models of the Galactic bar seem to reasonably predict the observed spatial distribution of microlensing events in the Galactic bulge. All data presented in the Catalog and photometry of all events are available from the OGLE Internet archive.

10

The Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment. Photometry of the MACHO-SMC-98-1 Binary Microlensing Event

Udalski A., Kubiak M., Szymański M., Pietrzyński G., Woźniak P., Żebruń K.

Acta Astronomica

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1998

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Vol. 48, No. 3

431--438

EN

We present photometry of the unique binary microlensing event MACHO-SMC-98-1 collected by the OGLE group. Particularly interesting observation was made close to the first caustic crossing which was not covered by observations of other groups. It allows to test proposed models of which Model 1 proposed by PLANET group seems to be in the best agreement with the OGLE observations.