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2 2022

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Spring at CERN: a new stage of experiments, new results

Nowina-Konopka Małgorzata

Postępy Techniki Jądrowej

2022

z. 2

2--6

CERN – Europejskie Centrum Badań Jądrowych – największe na świecie laboratorium fizyki cząstek obsługuje sieć siedmiu akceleratorów. Największy z nich LHC (Wielki Zderzacz Hadronów) rozpoczął skuteczne działanie w listopadzie 2009 r. Po intensywnym zbieraniu danych, związanym z odkryciem bozonu Higgsa, LHC przechodził pierwszy dwuletni (2013-2015) okres przestoju, w celu osiągnięcia pełnej świetlności przy energii 14 TeV między innymi przez wzmocnienie urządzeń elektrycznych łączących magnesy. Ponownie został wyłączony na ponad trzy lata od grudnia 2018 r. do kwietnia 2022, aby wprowadzić w obiekcie kolejne ulepszenia i aktualizacje. W czasie przerw opracowywano dane zebrane z eksperymentów ATLAS, CMS, LHCb i ALICE oraz prowadzono zderzenia na innych niż LHC akceleratorach i urządzeniach jak np. AMS czy ASACUSA. W artykule przedstawiono najnowsze wyniki tych obliczeń i eksperymentów opublikowane w czasopiśmie Nature.

CERN - The European Nuclear Research Center – the world's largest particle physics laboratory is operated by a network of seven accelerators. The largest of these, the LHC (Large Hadron Collider), started operating effectively in November 2009. After extensive data collection related to the discovery of the Higgs boson, the LHC went through the first two-year (2013-2015) downtime to achieve full luminosity at 14 TeV inter alia by strengthening the electrical devices that connect the magnets. It has been shut down again for over three years from December 2018 through April 2022 to bring further improvements and updates to the facility. During the breaks, data collected from the ATLAS, CMS, LHCb and ALICE experiments was processed, and collisions were carried out on accelerators and devices other than LHC, such as for exemple AMS or ASACUSA. This paper presents the latest results from these calculations and experiments published in the journal Nature.

Efect of apron roughness on fow characteristics and scour depth under submerged wall jets

Aamir Mohammad, Ahmad Zulfequar

Acta Geophysica

2022

Vol. 70, no 5

2205--2221

Scour downstream of smooth and rough rigid aprons under wall jets has been studied experimentally. Effect of apron roughness on scour has been investigated, and quantification of reduction in the scour depth due to rough apron has been performed. Characteristics of velocity and turbulence over smooth and rough aprons as well as within the scour hole have been analyzed to study the behavior of the jet and its interaction with the rough apron. Results show that there is a significant reduction in the equilibrium scour depth due to roughness. A maximum of 82.8% and a minimum of 31.1% reduction in the equilibrium scour depth was observed due to inducing roughness over the rigid apron. Velocity characteristics establish the cause of reduction in the equilibrium scour depth, which is due to reduction in the erosive capacity of the jet as it moves over the rough apron. The potential core of the jet gets consumed at a much lesser length due to roughness over the apron than over a smooth apron, as the boundary layer develops at a smaller distance. Further, it was observed that it takes a smaller length for the flow to get fully developed under the rough apron as compared with the smooth apron. Based on the results of the present analysis, recommendation can be made for use of roughness over the apron to restrict scour due to wall jets.