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Najgrubsze dęby szypułkowe (Quercus robur L.) województwa zachodniopomorskiego

Jankowski Krzysztof, Siwik Daria

Inżynieria Ekologiczna

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2020

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Vol. 21, nr 2

35--47

PL

Dęby szypułkowe Quercus robur L. stanowią w Polsce najokazalsze drzewa, występujące w zasięgu naturalnym. Według różnych źródeł obwód pni najgrubszych drzew mierzony na wysokości pierśnicy przekracza 1000 cm. Dęby przedstawiane były często w literaturze naukowej i popularnonaukowej przede wszystkim ze względu na swoje rozmiary, ale także wartość kulturową i historyczną. Opracowania tego typu najczęściej dotyczyły najbardziej okazałych egzemplarzy tego gatunku w skali kraju. W odniesieniu do Pomorza Zachodniego brak w literaturze naukowej danych dotyczących największych okazów z województwa zachodniopomorskiego, które jest naturalnym miejscem występowania gatunku. Badania przeprowadzone w latach 2017-2018 stanowią próbę usystematyzowania wiedzy w tym zakresie w skali regionu i zostały przeprowadzone na grupie drzew najgrubszych pod względem obwodu pierśnicowego. Analiza objęła szczegółowy opis parametrów dendrologicznych oraz ocenę stanu zdrowotnego według skal stosowanych we współczesnej dendrologii. Uwzględniono również informacje zawarte w źródłach historycznych. Badaniami objęto 12 egzemplarzy dębu szypułkowego Quercus robur L.

EN

Pedunculate oaks of Quercus robur L. are the most magnificent trees in Poland, which occur in their natural range. According to various sources, the circumference of the trunks of the thickest trees measured at breast height may exceed 1000 cm. Oaks of impressive sizes were often presented in the scientific and popular science literature primarily due to their size, but also cultural and historical value. Studies of this type most often referred to the most impressive specimen of this species on the national scale. In reference to Western Pomerania, there is no scientific study on the largest specimen in the West Pomeranian Voivodeship, which is a natural occurrence of this species. Research carried out in 2017-2018 is an attempt to systematize knowledge in this area on the regional scale and has been carried out on a group of trees that are the most impressive in terms of the circumference measured at breast height. The analysis included a detailed description of dendrological parameters and an assessment of the health status according to the scales used in modern dendrology. Information from historical sources was also included. The study covered 12 copies of pedunculate oak Quercus robur L.

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Oddziaływanie dwutlenku siarki na wybrane gatunki liściastych drzew leśnych

Bęś A., Baciak M.

Przegląd Naukowy Inżynieria i Kształtowanie Środowiska

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2015

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Vol. 24, No. 2

155--166

PL

Działanie dwutlenku siarki na drzewa powoduje żółknięcie ich liści, ubytek chlorofilu, co ma przełożenie na zahamowanie procesu fotosyntezy. Rośliny są bardziej narażone na działanie SO2 w dzień, kiedy mają otwarte aparaty szparkowe, przez które wnika on do wnętrza komórek. Podwyższone stężenie SO2 powoduje rozkład chlorofilu, zakłócenie fotosyntezy, jak również zatrzymanie asymilacji, co w rezultacie prowadzi do zwiększonej wrażliwości drzew na czynniki klimatyczne, zmniejsza odporność drzewostanu na występowanie chorób oraz szkodników lasów. Celem prowadzonego eksperymentu było wykazanie wrażliwości olchy czarnej i dębu szypułkowego na zanieczyszczenia gazowe, podczas ekspozycji tych roślin w podwyższonych stężeniach dwutlenku siarki. Oddziaływanie dwutlenku siarki na liście określono poprzez oznaczenie zawartości chlorofili a i b metodą ekstrakcji chlorofilu dimetylosulfotlenkiem (DMSO). Olcha czarna wykazywała większą wrażliwość na działanie SO2 niż dąb szypułkowy. Działanie na rośliny dwutlenkiem siarki w znacznym stopniu obniżyło zawartości chlorofili a i b, a co za tym idzie intensywność fotosyntezy. Uszkodzenie wywołane przez SO2 na liściach olchy objawiało się w postaci nekroz, a w przypadku liści dębu uszkodzenia przyjmowały postać żółtych chloroz i pojedynczych brązowych nekroz.

EN

Exposure of plants to sulfur dioxide causes yellowing of the green portions of the leaf and chlorophyll destruction, which inhibits photosynthesis. Plants incur more damage from sulfur dioxide during daytime, when stomata are open in the presence of sunlight and sulfur dioxide can penetrate into leaf cells. High sulfur dioxide concentrations lead to chlorophyll degradation, photosynthesis disturbance and inhibition of assimilation in leaves, which increases the vulnerability of trees to climatic factors and decreases their resistance to diseases and pests. The aim of this study was to determine the sensitivity of black alder and English oak to gaseous air pollution. The trees were exposed to increased sulfur dioxide concentrations. The effect of sulfur dioxide on leaves was evaluated based on the concentrations of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b extracted using dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The black alder was more susceptible to sulfur dioxide than the English oak. Exposure of trees to sulfur dioxide considerably reduced the concentrations of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b, and the rate of photosynthesis. Injury to foliage caused by sulfur dioxide appeared in the form of necrotic lesions in the black alder, and yellow chlorosis spots and individual brown necrotic patches in the English oak.

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Decomposition of Fine Woody Debris from Main Tree Species in Lowland Oak Forests

Ostrogović M. Z., Marjanović H., Balenović I., Sever K., Jazbec A.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2015

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Vol. 63, nr 2

247--259

EN

Decomposition is an important carbon flux that must be accounted for in estimates of forest ecosystem carbon balance. Aim of this research is to provide estimate of fine woody debris decomposition rates for different tree species and sample sizes also taking into account the influence of specific microsite meteorological conditions on decomposition rates. In this paper we present results of the first two years of the experiment designed to last six years. Study was conducted in managed lowland oak forest in central Croatia. Decomposition rates (k) of fine woody debris (diameter 0.5–7 cm) for four species (Querus robur L., Carpinut betulus L., Alnus glutinosa Gaernt., Fraxinus angustifolia L.) in four size classes were estimated using litter bag method and mass loss equation of Olson (1963). Overall average k in our study was 0.182 ± 0.011 year-1. Results indicate that decomposition rate is affected by the size of the debris, with the smallest diameter branches (<1 cm) decomposing is significantly faster (k = 0.260 ± 0.018, P <0.05) than the larger one. Tree species from which debris had originated also affected decomposition, although to a lesser extent, with hornbeam samples having significantly (P <0.05) higher average decomposition rate (0.229 ± 0.028), compared to that of ash samples (0.141 ± 0.022). Proportion of variability in k explained by variables ‘species’ and ‘size class’ was assessed with general linear model (R2 = 0.644) also taking into account variables like soil temperature and soil water content. Sample size class explained 22.2%; species explained only 9.4%, while soil water content and temperature combined explained 32.8% of the variance of k. Rate constants obtained within this study might be useful in modelling ecosystem carbon balance for similar lowland forest ecosystems in Europe.

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Evaluation of the effect of environmental variables on health condition of Quercus robur L. in parks

Krzyżaniak M., Świerk D., Urbański P., Walerzak M. T.

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. S

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2013

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Vol. 20, nr 4

689--700

EN

Investigations concerned the effect of different environmental variables on health condition of English oak (Quercus robur L.). It was shown that in the public parks in the city of Poznan the health condition of the analysed species is good. It was stated that health condition of this species in the Poznan parks is influenced by the distance from the immediate city centre, vicinity of traffic arteries and gas emissions from the combustion of fossil fuels by households neighbouring with the parks. Although results recorded in this study confirm literature data concerning the effect of environmental variables on health condition of English oak (Quercus robur L.), it was shown that certain environmental variables have a greater effect on health condition of the analysed species in Poznan.

PL

Badania dotyczyły wpływu różnych zmiennych środowiskowych na stan zdrowotny dębu szypułkowego (Quercus robur L.). Wykazano, że na terenie parków publicznych Poznania stan zdrowotny omawianego gatunku jest dobry. Stwierdzono, że wpływ na stan zdrowotny tego gatunku w parkach Poznania mają: oddalenie od ścisłego centrum miasta, bliskość arterii komunikacyjnych oraz emisja gazów ze spalania paliw kopalnych przez sąsiadujące z parkami gospodarstwa domowe. Mimo że wyniki uzyskane w pracy potwierdzają dane literaturowe dotyczące wpływu zmiennych środowiskowych na stan zdrowotny dębu szypułkowego (Quercus robur L.), to wykazano, że niektóre zmienne środowiskowe mają większy wpływ na stan zdrowotny badanego gatunku w Poznaniu.

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Interrelations among con-generic and co-occurring tree species : asymmetric hybridization and the high success of Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl. regeneration in mixed Q. petraea/Q. robur L. stands

Boratyński A., Jasińska A., Iszkuło G., Marcysiak K., Lewandowska A.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2010

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Vol. 58, nr 2

273-283

EN

Hybridisation and introgression are expected to be common in plant populations composed of various species of the same genera. These processes, however, frequently have one direction or are asymmetric, when one of hybridising species is a donor and other recipient of pollen. The asymmetric hybridisation may be also an important manner of migration by pollen. According to the theory of asymmetric hybridisation in mixed oak populations of European white oaks (Quercus robur and Q. petraea) the number of hybrid saplings should be higher under a canopy of Q. robur than under Q. petraea trees. The aim of this study was to determine, which of the two species in the mixed populations has a greater degree of success in regeneration and colonization, measured by the proportion and density of saplings and young individuals higher than 0.3 m. The taxonomic composition of saplings under the crown ranges of trees was analyzed on the basis of morphological characters of leaves in two distantly located mixed oak stands in Poland, in Jamy and Legnica Forests, where young generation to about 17-18 years old was observed under canopy of 125-140 years old mother trees. The first population is located about 100 km of Q. petraea geographic range and covers area of 6 km, the second about 500 km of Q. petraea range and covers more than 10 hectares. The density of 60 and 134 adult trees per hectare, were found in analysed populations, respectively. A significantly higher proportions of Q. petraea than Q. robur saplings were found in both compared stands. A hybrid saplings proportion were higher than hybrid adult trees. The hybrid saplings were observed more frequently under canopy of Q. robur only in the stand closer to the range of Q. petrea. Gene flow from Q. petraea to Q. robur by cross-pollination was found to be likely. The number of hybrid saplings found under crown projections of Q. petraea trees in both populations suggested also reverse gene flow, at least in the stand located close to the north-eastern limit of the Q. petraea range. A higher regeneration success of Q. petraea was observed in both stands suggesting expansion of this species.

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Host tree preferences of hermit beetles (Osmoderma eremita Scop., Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in a network of rural avenues in Poland

Oleksa A., Ulrich W., Gawroński R.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2007

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Vol. 55, nr 2

315-323

EN

The occurrence of Osmoderma eremita (Scopoli, 1763), an endangered species restricted to hollow trees, was studied in a network or rural avenues in northern Poland. We detected1002 trees with hollows suitable for hermit beetle development (25% of all trees). Among them, 114 (11%) were occupied by O. eremita. The distribution of O. eremita was not random with respect to tree species identity. Tilia cordata and Alnus glutinosa were preferred while Acer platanoides andCarpinus betulus were avoided. The beetle preferred trees about 450 cm in circumference at 1.3 m height with a tendency towards lower occupancies of the biggest trees having circumferences above 500 m. O. eremita did not show any significant preferences accroding to hollow entrance area, exposition and road surface type. Contrary to common belief O. eremita did not prefer oaks. Our result show that preservation schemes and choices of prime areas for conservation for heremit beetles have to included stands of trees other than oak.

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Effect of temperature on larval survival rate and duration of development of Lymantria monacha (L.) on needles of Pinus silvestris (L.) and of dispar (L.) on leaves of Quercus robur (L.)

Karolewski P.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2007

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Vol. 55, nr 3

595-600

EN

This study assessed the effects of temperature on survival rate and duration of development (DD), i.e., time needed by larvae to reach the pupal stage, in nun moth (Lymantria monacha L.) and gypsy moth (L. dispar L.). The larvae were raised at 15, 20 or 25 [degrees] C, and fed with current-year-needles of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and leaves of English oak (Quercus robur L.), respectively. With increasing temperature 15, 20 and 25 [degrees] C, larval survival rate (LSR) declined in L. monacha (for 35th day LSR was 0.44, 0.31 and 0.21, respectively), but increased in L. dispar (0.50, 1.00 and 0.94). In contrast, the duration of development decreased with increasing temperature in larvae of both moth species (67, 52 and 39 days for L. monacha, and 66, 43 and 33 days for L. dispar, respectively). The differences in larval survival rate between those species at higher temperatures can affect significantly their growth and development in warmer years. Therefore, it is possible that under global climate change these differences may lead to changes in distribution of both insect species.

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Litter production and composition in natural stands of Quercus robur L. (Galicia, Spain)

Diaz-Maroto Ignacio Javier, Vila-Lameiro Pablo

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2006

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Vol. 54, nr 3

429-439

EN

Litter production is essential for transfer of energy and nutrients from plant to soil. This paper aims to relate the phenology of litter-fall by common oak (Quercus robur L.) to specific climatic factors. Over three years, two natural stands of Quercus robur (Cerceda with latitude 43 degrees 11'N and longitude 8 degrees 28'W and Lourizan with latitude 42 degrees 25'N and longitude 8 degrees 40'W) near to fifty years old and located in Galicia, Northwest of Spain, were thoroughly studied in the period 1992-1994. The litter was collected in five litter traps (0.5 m wide, 20 cm high) located within a plot of 100 m2. Annual litterfall values were similar in both stands, being approximately between 6 and 11 Tm [dot] ha^-1 (dry weight); the southern stand showed a higher interannual variability. The leaf fraction accounted for the highest percentage of total litter production. Usually it represents more than 70% of annual production, but it has been exceeded by fruits production in the corresponding season (spring in the north and summer in the south). The climatic parameters that had the greatest influence on litter production were total precipitation and absolute maximum temperature with a correlation always higher than 65%. It allows to link litter production with climate parameters with an adjusted correlation coefficient around 70 %, even more in the south plot (Lourizan). With an easy ANOVA analysis it is possible to distinguish the season with greater litter production; it is the autumn in all cases except fruits production as was said above.