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The Relationship between Primary Production and Respiration in the Photic Zone of the Great Mazurian Lakes (GMLS), in Relation to Trophic Conditions, Plankton Composition and Other Ecological Factors

Siuda W., Kauppinen E. S., Kaliński T., Chróst R. J., Kiersztyn B.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2017

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Vol. 65, nr 3

303--323

EN

The relation of primary production to respiration and dependence of both processes on various environmental factors were investigated in the surface waters of lakes of The Great Mazurian Lake System (GMLS) during summer seasons 2009-2011. Primary production and extracellular release was determined by 14C method, respiration (dark oxygen consumption) - by Winkler's method. Collected results allow to conclude that: (i) in all studied lakes primary production was primarily cyanobacterial, although in mesotrophic ones participation of eukaryotic phytoplankton in light CO2 fixation was more pronounced; (ii) in mesotrophic part of GMLS primary production was limited alternately by N and P availability and less dependent on N and P regeneration processes, whereas in southern, eutrophic lakes it was primarily fueled by regeneration of biogenic substances from organic compounds and strongly limited by N resources; (iii) although in photic zone of whole GMLS respiration was dominated by heterotrophic bacteria, in its mesotrophic part also participation of other plankton components in respiration processes was significant and, (iv) that in eutrophic lakes planktonic respiration was more dependent on low molecular weight products liberated enzymatically from organic substrates than on organic compounds released by primary producers. The mean production to respiration ratio, which varied from 2.11 to 2.60 in northern, and from 2.05 to 3.67 in southern lakes suggested that during period of investigations photic zones of lakes of both parts of GMLS were net autotrophic systems.

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Wpływ wybranych czynników ekologicznego aspektu CSR na przewagę konkurencyjną przedsiębiorstw działających na terenie województwa śląskiego

Olejniczak K.

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

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2013

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Tom 15, cz. 3

2840--2849

EN

Changes taking place in the environment of modern enterprises affect the evolution of the main success factors on the market. Nowadays, one of more important issues which concern building permanent competitive advantage is the application of more and more sophisticated strategies and methods of management. Technological progress and also the globalization processes, product development, fast innovation flow are only some of the factors influencing the competitiveness of enterprises. Apart from the necessity of competing in the area of prices, technical and organizational fields, there is a need to present an enterprise as a credible, reliable and honest business partner. With regard to such expectations the idea of Corporate Social Responsibility came into being. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is the philosophy of running a business activity which involves creating permanent clear relationships with all interested parts. CSR is a new direction of changes used in management which affects creating useful conditions for economic, social and ecological development. There are three domains of an enterprise activity in the field of interest of CSR and they refer to: the economic aspect referring not only to generating maximum profit but also creating innovations or increasing competitiveness of an enterprise, the ecological aspect, referring to the protection of the natural environment against the activity of an enterprise, the social aspect, on the one hand, referring to employees as the most important resource of an enterprise, and on the other, to the society in which an enterprise functions.

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Forest patch dynamics initiated by disturbance: distribution pattern of Larix chinensis (Bessen) patches along the altitudinal gradient in relation to light and temperature conditions (Qinling Mts. China)

Duan R.-Y., Huang M.-Y., Wang X.-A.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2013

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Vol. 61, nr 2

271--281

EN

According to the theory of forest growth cycle, forest communities are dynamic mosaic systems composed of patches in different development stages. On basis of measurement of the four patch types [gap phase (G), building phase (B), mature phase (M) and degenerate phase (D)], the distribution pattern of different patch types and heterogeneity of the light and temperature along an altitudinal gradient were analyzed. The study forests were located in Larix chinensis forests in the Taibai Natural Reserve, and the whole forest was divided into three transects, i.e. low altitude (2900–3000 m a.s.l.), middle altitude (3100–3200 m a.s.l.) and high altitude (3300–3400 m a.s.l.). The implications of environmental heterogeneity on species coexistence and maintenance of species diversity were discussed in this paper. Our results were as follows: (1) In different elevation gradient, the proportions of the four patch types were different. Compared with low elevation and high elevation, in middle elevation, the proportions of gap phase and building phase were obviously lower; while the proportions of mature phase and degenerate phase were noticeably higher. In different elevation gradient, the distribution pattern of the four patch types was changed to some extent. (2) The daily change patterns of light and temperature in different patch types in forest cycle were different. The light intensity was much greater in gap phase than in the other three phases. The light intensity and its amplitude of changes in different patch types followed the order of G>D>B≥M. Air temperature in different patch types followed the order of G>B>D≥M. The amplitude of diurnal temperature changes in air and soil surface followed the order of G>D>B>M. (3) With elevation increasing, light intensity, the biggest air temperature, biggest soil temperature and temperature difference in four patch phase increased significantly, and average air temperature and average soil temperature significantly decreased. The spatio-temporal heterogeneity of ecological factors in different patch types in forest cycle provided a basis to maintain the coexistence of different species with different characteristics within forest community.

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The influence of temperature, precipitation and floods on the development of horse fly populations (Tabanidae) in the alluvial habitats of the Danube River in Croatia

Mikuska A., Krcmar S., Radović A., Mikuska T.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2012

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Vol. 60, nr 2

395-406

EN

The paper describes impacts of the main ecological factors on the development of horse fly populations in the alluvial floodplains of the Danube River in the Pannonian plain. The study has been conducted from 2004.2009 in the four, water dependent, succession stages of alluvial forest communities of Kopacki rit wetlands. In total more than 23 000 adult horse flies of 22 species were collected by canopy traps that were placed annually during the flight season from May-September. The most abundant species during the study period were: Tabanus bromius with 47%, T. sudeticus with 17% and Haematopota pluvialis with 11%, respectively. Correlation analysis has confirmed the influence of the deviations from long-term average values in the temperature, precipitation and flood duration on the numbers of adult horse flies during the following year. A significant positive correlation has been found between spring and autumn precipitation and rainy seasons yielded more horse fly individuals the following year. A significant negative correlation has been found between the higher temperatures during summer, autumn and spring and the number of adults in the following year. The impact of the seasonal divergence from long-term average values in temperature, precipitation and flood on different species was not straightforward and different species have shown diverse correlation responses, either positive or negative.

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Diversity of fungi in nests and pellets of Montagu's Harrier (Circus pygargus) from eastern Poland - importance of chemical and ecological factors

Korniłłowicz-Kowalska T., Kitowski I.

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. S

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2009

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Vol. 16, nr 4

453-471

EN

General species amount, diversity and frequency of saprophytic and potentially pathogenic for homoeothermic organisms fungal species were studied in 7 nests and pellets of Montagu's Harrier (Circus pygargus) from pit bogs of Calcereous Marshes near Chełm (Poland). It was found that examined nests exhibited the environmental properties promoting a great diversity and frequency of Micromycetes communities. Mitosporic fungi were the most representative taxonomic groups among these communities. In ecophysiological aspect, the fungal communities found in nests belonged mostly to ubiquitous fungi (polyphags) including cellulolytic species, while keratinolytic species were less abundant. On the other side, both ubiquitous and keratinolytic species were isolated from pellets. Among characterized fungi, the most common were: Trichoderma viride in nests and Doratomyces stemonites in pellets. The two tested sources were found to be settled by typically saprophytic but also potentially pathogenic fungi, including Aspergillus fumigatus, Scopulariopsis brevicaulis, Chrysosporium tropicum and Ch. georgii. Water content, pH and temperature during nestling affected the profile of fungal species in nests and pellets, which was demonstrated by the presence of hydrophilic, alkalitolerant and thermotolerant species isolated from examined material.

PL

Zbadano ogólną liczebność, skład i frekwencję gatunków grzybów saprotroficznych i potencjalnie chorobotwórczych dla organizmów stałocieplnych w 7 gniazdach oraz wypluwkach błotniaka łąkowego (Circus pygargus) występującego na torfowiskach węglanowych koło Chełma (Polska). Badane gniazda okazały się mikrosiedliskiem kształtującym dużą różnorodność oraz wysoką liczebność zbiorowisk Micronycetes. Do najliczniejszych grup taksonomicznych należały grzyby mitosporowe. Pod względem okofizjologicznym badane zbiorowiska grzybów gniazdowych zdominowane były przez grzyby ubikwistyczne (polifagi), w tym celulolityczne. Grzyby keratynofilne były mniej liczne Wypluwki obok grzybów ubikwistycznych cechowały się wysokim udziałem grzybów keratynofilnych. W obrębie wyodrębnionych sów najwyższą frekwencją odznaczały się Trichoderma viride w gniazdach oraz Doratomyces stemonites na wypluwkach. Obok gatunków typowo saprotroficznych gniazda oraz wypluwki zasiedlały potencjalnie chorobotwórcze, w tym Aspergillus fumigatus i Scopulariopsis brevicaulis oraz sporium tropicum i Ch. georgii. W obrębie wyodrębnionych gatunków spotykano gatunki hydrofilne, alkalotolerancyjne oraz termotolerancyjne, co miało związek z zawartością wody, pH oraz temperaturą podczas lęgów.

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Ecological basis of development of meadow ecosystems in the valley of the Southern Canal of the Obra River

Klarzyńska A., Kryszak A., Kryszak J., Musiał M.

Zeszyty Naukowe. Inżynieria Środowiska / Uniwersytet Zielonogórski

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2007

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nr 133 (13)

195-202

EN

In the course of long-term studies, the impact of site conditions - moisture condition and trophic factors - on meadow plant communities was assessed by determining their physiological structure and Shannon-Wiener floristic diversity index - H'. The obtained results were compared with the site and floristic investigations from 1994. In the case of the Obra River valley, it was moisture level and nitrogen content in the soil that exerted the most important influence on the development of meadow communities as indicated by the occurrence of unstable transitory forms. They differ from one another with regard to floristic diversity and a small proportion of characteristic species. Utilisation and its intensity, alongside site conditions, exert a modifying influence on the floristic composition of communities allowing random species to settle among them and to reduce their stability.

PL

W trakcie badań oceniono wpływ warunków siedliskowych: uwilgotnienia i trofizmu na roślinność zbiorowisk łąkowych poprzez określenie ich struktury fitosocjologicznej oraz wskaźnika różnorodności florystycznej Shannona-Wienera - H'. Otrzymane wyniki odniesiono do badań siedliskowych i florystycznych z roku 1994. W dolinie Obry przede wszystkim uwilgotnienie oraz zawartość azotu w glebie wpłynęły na wykształcenie zbiorowisk łąkowych o czym świadczy występowanie niestabilnych form przejściowych. Różnią się one między sobą różnorodnością florystyczną oraz niewielkim udziałem gatunków charakterystycznych. Użytkowanie oraz jego intensywność obok warunków siedliskowych wpływa modyfikująco na skład florystyczny zbiorowisk, umożliwiając wkraczanie gatunkom przypadkowym obniżającym ich stabilność.