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A review of isolation attack mitigation mechanismsin RPL-Based 6LoWPAN of internet of things

Rajasekar V.R., Rajkumar S.

Computer Assisted Methods in Engineering and Science

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2024

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Vol. 31, no. 3

279--311

EN

The Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) is an open standardrouting protocol defined by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) to address theconstraints of IPv6 over Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPAN). RPL issusceptible to various attacks, including isolation attacks, in which a node or a set of RPLnodes can be isolated from the rest of the network. Three significant isolation attacksare the black hole attack (BHA), selective forwarding attack (SFA), and destination ad-vertisement object (DAO) inconsistency attack (DAO-IA). In a BHA, a malicious nodedrops all packets intended for transmission silently. In an SFA, a malicious node forwardsonly selected packets and drops the other received packets. In a DAO-IA, a maliciousnode drops the received data packet and replies with a forwarding error packet, caus-ing the parent node to discard valid downward routes from the routing table. We reviewthe literature on proposed mechanisms, propose a taxonomy, and analyze the features,limitations, and performance metrics of existing mechanisms. Researchers primarily fo-cus on power consumption as the key performance metric when mitigating BHA (47%),SFA (51%), and DAO-IA (100%), with downward latency being the least addressed met-ric for BHA (4%) and SFA (3%), and control packet overhead being the least addressedfor DAO-IA (37%). Finally, we discuss the unresolved issues and research challenges inmitigating RPL isolation attacks.

2

Oddziaływania czarnych dziur

Szybka Sebastian J.

Postępy Fizyki

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2023

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T. 74, z. 3

15--23

PL

Końcowym stadium niepohamowanego kolapsu grawitacyjnego jest pojedynczy obiekt zwany czarną dziurą. Czy czarne dziury zawsze mają taką samą uniwersalną postać? Chociaż twierdzenie o jednoznaczności czarnych dziur udziela pozytywnej odpowiedzi na to pytanie, to każde twierdzenie jest tylko tak silne, jak jego założenia. Przez wiele lat fizycy nie potrafili wykluczyć istnienia stacjonarnych konfiguracji dwóch czarnych dziur, które mogłyby wspólnie tworzyć bardziej złożony obiekt. Obecnie znamy rozwiązanie tego problemu.

EN

The final stage of an unrestrained gravitational collapse is a single object known as a black hole. Do black holes always have the same universal form? Although the uniqueness theorem provides a positive answer to this question, every theorem is only as strong as its assumptions. For many years physicists were unable to exclude the existence of stationary configurations of two black holes that could form together a more complex object. Currently, we know the solution to this problem.

3

Formation, propagation and detection of gravitational waves

Shaliq Mohamed Armoon, Prasanna R. Sharath

Journal of Mechanical and Energy Engineering

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2020

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Vol. 4, No 2

189--196

EN

Gravitational Waves are a new form of energy that is too sensitive to measure. The study of Gravitational Waves paves a unique way to approach the new era of universal science. It is quite interesting to note that experimental proof of the early theory of Einstein is successfully proven after many years. The manuscript depicts the concepts of Gravitational Waves, propagation of Gravitational Waves, its effect on objects on Earth and various factors that affect the measurements along with their method of approach to detect Gravitational Waves. Detecting Gravitational Waves is a tedious process and it requires a very highly sensitive experimental setup to carry out the detection as well as on considering the current trend of technology it is observed that detection faces massive limitations. Detection of Gravitational Waves opens up a new way for understanding supermassive binary systems such as neutron stars and black holes and also for studying on Early universe history.

4

Entropia Wszechświata

Gusin P.

Postępy Fizyki

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2010

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T. 61, z. 6

222-228

PL

Porównamy wartości entropii Wszechświata w różnych jego stadiach rozwoju. Takie porównania prowadzą do oszacowania objętości przestrzeni fazowej dostępnych stanów w stosunku do stanu obecnego i stanu Wielkiego Kresu. Chodzi tu o te niezwykle rzadkie dostępne stany, które mogą realizować Wielki Wybuch. Okazuje się, że Wielki Wybuch był nadzwyczaj wyjątkowy. Przyszły los Wszechświata nie jest do końca znany i czy to będzie Wielki Kres lub Wielkie Rozdarcie, czy coś innego pośredniego między tymi stanami, w sposób krytyczny za leży od natury ciemnej energii, która obecnie jest dominująca w obserwowalnym Wszechświecie.

EN

We compare entropy of the Universe in different evolution states. Such comparison leads to the estimation of volume of the phase space of the allowed states in relation to the present state and to the Big Crunch state. It is about the very rare allowed states which can realize the Big Bang. As it turns out the Big Bang was very special. Future fate of the Universe is not known with the absolute certainty. What kind of the final state of the Universe will be: Big Crunch or Big Rip, or something in between these states, essentially depends on the nature of dark energy which nowadays dominates the observed Universe.

5

Czarne dziury: odkryte w przyrodzie czy wymyślone przez człowieka?

Kijowski J.

Postępy Fizyki

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2008

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T. 59, z. 4

146-153

EN

A short history of the general relativity theory (together with the theory of "black holes") is presented. A mathematical structure which enables us to describe gravitational field as a field of local inertial frames is proposed in a simple form. The notion of the curvature tensor is derived as an obstruction against existence of linear coordinates.

6

Czarne Dziury - najbardziej tajemnicze obiekty kosmosu

Hemka L.

Nowa Elektrotechnika

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2006

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nr 5 (21)

21--23