The article describes the method of producing car parts using the Freeform method (FIM). The injection process into a mold obtained by 3D printing was simulated and the surface condition of the finished product made of high-strength PEEK was assessed.
PL
W artykule opisano sposób wytwarzania części samochodowych metodą Freeform (FIM). Przeprowadzono symulację procesu wtryskiwania do formy otrzymanej metodą druku 3D i dokonano oceny stanu powierzchni gotowego wyrobu z tworzywa o dużej wytrzymałości (PEEK).
In the manufacturing sector, the processing of magnesium alloys through the liquid casting route is one of the promising methods to manufacture automotive and aircraft components, for their excellent mechanical properties at the lower weight. Investment casting process has the great cabaility to produce near net shape complex castings for automotive and aircraft applications. The distinct and attractive engineering properties of magnesium alloys have shown to be promising in terms of its potential to replace materials such as cast iron, steel, and aluminum In this regard, the efforts to develop processing technology for these alloys for their wide range of applications in industries have been reported by the scientific and engineering community. For successful production of magnesium alloy castings, it requires specialized foundry techniques because of the particular chemical and physical properties of magnesium; especially the reactive and oxidative nature of these alloys. The industry is young enough, to tap the potential.
The magnesium alloy investment castings have greater potential for automobile and air-craft applications due to the higher strength to weight ratio of magnesium alloys and capability of the investment casting process to produce near net shape complex castings. The interfacial-mould metal reactions during investment casting of magnesium alloy inhibit successful production of quality castings. This paper presents the investigation done on the reactions at corners of AZ91 magnesium alloy cast part produced through investment casting. The stepped shape geometry of casting was selected to study the reactions at convex and concave corners of the cast part. The reacted surfaces were characterised using the SEM-EDX and XRD. The formation of oxides was observed on cast surface from characterisation. The temperature profile recorded at corners were helpful to understand the heat dissipation during the solidification of metal at corners. It was observed that the reactions occurred at the concave corner were more as compared to the convex corner of the cast part.
Inferior automotive component quality might be caused by diverse sources in the supply chain network. To compete in a highly dynamic environment, a supply chain quality management integrating quality issues of the internal and external supply chain is needed. In this paper, a supply chain quality management model for automotive components was developed on the basis of further development of ISO 9001:2015. This way, the quality within the value chain can be managed. To evolve the model, the novel concept of supply chain quality management and its dimensions were reviewed in the literature. Drawing upon the results, intersections concerning common processes of both approaches, quality management and supply chain management, were identified using ISO 9001:2015 and the SCOR model. Based on the findings, a supply chain quality management model for automotive components was developed and will be introduced. The results reflect implications for the management of supply chain quality to be implemented by companies.
The key step in designing a new car model to enter the market is choosing the right method to join the elements into a whole body. The known car body production technologies have been developed based on the experience gained in the use of carbon steel. Aluminium sheets stoped to rival with steel ones, when advantages of both were being used. The coexistence of different types of materials used in the same car body structure has been forced changes in the traditional methods of joining them. The random car body consists of 4,000 spot welds, 13 meters of welds, 90 meters of glue [2, 5]. The aim of the study to present various methods of joining car body parts and to compare their strength in an analytical way and using the finite element method. Particular attention has been given to the clinching, which becomes a cheaper and more flexible alternative to resistance spot welding.
Planning and implementation of automated processes can be improved by means of a previously prepared simulation. The article presents an example of simulation of the welding process of car body parts made in the Process Simulate program. Performing earlier planning allows you to verify the concept, solve technical problems and prepare programs at the stage of project creation.
Przedstawiono specjalne techniki formowania wtryskowego, MuCell® i InduMold, zastosowane do produkcji wysokiej jakości części samochodowych, na przykładzie konsoli centralnej samochodu Audi Q5. Oceniano właściwości mechaniczne, termomechaniczne i termiczne wytworzonych detali, a także zmiany w strukturze materiału rejestrowane z zastosowaniem skaningowej mikroskopii elektronowej. Analizę jakości powierzchni przeprowadzono na podstawie obserwacji za pomocą mikroskopu świetlnego. Wyniki badań świadczą o możliwości łącznego wykorzystania technologii MuCell® i InduMold do produkcji wysokiej jakości części dla przemysłu motoryzacyjnego.
EN
The article presents special injection molding techniques: MuCell® and InduMold used in the production of high quality automotive part on the example of the central console of Audi Q5 car. The mechanical, thermomechanical and thermal properties of the manufactured parts were examined and discussed with respect to changes in the structure of the material evaluated by scanning electron microscopy. The measurements were supplemented by surface quality analysis performed by optical microscopy. Research has demonstrated the ability to combine MuCell® and InduMold technologies in the production of high quality parts for the automotive industry.
Artykuł jest ostatnim z serii artykułów poświęconych logistyce w cyklu życia samochodów, przedstawionym w oparciu o materiały firmy Toyota Motor Corporation. Badania obejmowały IV etap w cyklu życia pojazdów – etap wycofania z eksploatacji. Opisano zagadnienia recyklingu samochodów marki Toyota i związek tych działań z ochroną środowiska naturalnego oraz zagadnienia ochrony zasobów i ich efektywnego powtórnego zagospodarowania.
EN
This article is the last of the series dedicated to the logistics in life cycle of cars, based on the materials from Toyota Motor Corporation. The study covered the IV stage of the life cycle of vehicles - the phase of withdrawal out of service. The topic of recycling of Toyota cars and the relationship between these activities and the protection of the environment as well as the issues of resource conservation and their effective re-use are discussed.
Silicon – molybdenum cast iron commonly called SiMo due to its unique properties has becoming more and more interesting engineering material. The history and development of this alloy is relatively long but, due to the significant difficulties during the manufacturing process resulting in the lower final quality than expected, it has not been applied to often in practice. The biggest challenge is its brittleness as a result of the carbides precipitations. During last few years, thanks to the many important researches made and the general foundry technology development, the interest in SiMo iron has been rapidly growing, especially for the castings for heavy duty applications like corrosion, high temperature and wear abrasion resistant parts. In the article the heat treatment attempts to improve the microstructure of SiMo castings has been presented. The goal was to destroy or at least to refine and uniformly distribute the carbides precipitations to improve mechanical properties of the exhaust manifold castings for the cars. The experiments were carried out for the alloy contains approx. 4% Si, 1% Mo and 3.2%C. The range of the research included: hardness measuring, standard mechanical properties and microstructure for as-cast state and after that the subsequent heat treatment process with another properties check. The result of the heat treatment was the elimination of pearlite from the metal matrix. Moreover, the changes of the carbide molybdenum – rich phase morphology were observed. The dispersion of the carbides precipitations in the carbides area was observed. The experiments proved the possibility to control the microstructure and the mechanical properties of the SiMo castings by means of heat treatment but only to some extent.
Remanufacturing is a dynamically developing area of the automotive industry. It allows the original equipment manufactures to diversify their activities and sell manufacturer-warrantied subassemblies through a dealership network but at lower prices compared to new products. The paper presents the process of remanufacturing of automotive subassemblies and characterizes the benefits for the industry and vehicle end-users. Examples have been shown of the activities of vehicle manufacturers in the area of product recycling and development of remanufacturing technologies.
Stopowe stale austenityczne, ferrytyczne i austenityczno-ferrytyczne duplex znajdują szerokie zastosowanie w przemyśle samochodowym do produkcji różnych elementów podjazdów samochodowych. Są to główne rodzaje stali nierdzewnych, wykorzystywane do wytwarzania całej gamy części samochodowych. W pracy przedstawiono szeroki zakres zastosowań poszczególnych grup stali. Szczególny nacisk położono na ich właściwości oraz cechy materiałów. Omówiono poszczególne grupy z uwzględnieniem struktury metalograficznej Duży nacisk położono na ferrytyczo-austenityczną stal duplex ze względu na jej możliwości i lepsze właściwości w wielu przypadkach od pozostałych analizowanych gatunków stali.
EN
Alloy austenitic, ferritic and austenitic-ferritic duplex steels are widely used in the automotive industry for the manufacture of various car elements. These are the main types of stainless steels used to produce a whole range of automotive parts. That work presents a wide range of applications for each indicated steel groups. Particular emphasis was placed on their properties and characteristics of materials. The groups were discussed taking into account the metallographic structure. The emphasis was on the ferritic-austenitic duplex steel due to its capabilities and improved properties in many cases from the other steel grades analyzed.
Paper presents the problem of modelling and analysis of metalworking processes. Technological processes were considered as a geometrical, physical and thermal boundary and initial value problem, with unknown boundary conditions in the contact zone. An incremental model of the contact problem between movable rigid or thermo-elastic body (tool) and thermo-elastic/thermo-visco-plastic-phases body (object) in updated Lagrange formulation, for spatial states (3D) was considered. The incremental functional of the total energy and variational, non-linear equation of motion of object and heat transfer on the typical step time were derived. This equation has been discretized by finite element method, and the system of discrete equations of motion and heat transfer of objects were received. For solution of these equations the explicit or implicit methods was used. The applications were developed in the ANSYS/LS-Dyna system, which makes possible a complex time analysis of the states of displacements, strains and stresses, in the workpieces in fabrication processes. Application of this method was showed for examples the modelling and the analysis of burnishing rolling, thread rolling and turning processes. The numerical result were verified experimentally. The topic of topological optimization of car parts is also presented.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono problematykę modelowania i analizy numerycznej procesów technologicznych obróbki części samochodowych. Proces te rozpatrzono jako geometrycznie, fizycznie i cieplnie nieliniowe zagadnienie brzegowo-początkowe, z nieznanymi warunkami brzegowymi w obszarze kontaktu. Do opisu zjawisk nieliniowych, na typowym kroku przyrostowym, wykorzystano uaktualniony opis Lagrange'a, traktując narzędzie jako ciało sztywne lub termo-sprężyste natomiast przedmiot jako ciało termo-sprężyste/termo-lepko-plastyczne-fazowe. Równania ruchu obiektu i ciepła wyprowadzono wykorzystując rachunek wariacyjny. Otrzymane równania wariacyjne dyskretyzowano stosując aproksymację właściwą metodzie elementu skończonego. Dyskretne równania rozwiązano stosując jawne metody całkowania. Opracowano aplikacje w systemie ANSYS/LS-Dyna, które pozwalają na kompleksową analizę stanów przemieszczeń, odkształceń, naprężeń w dowolnym miejscu ciała i w dowolnej chwili realizacji procesu obróbki. Przedstawiono przykładowe wyniki obliczeń numerycznych stanów naprężeń i odkształceń wybranych procesów technologicznych: nagniatania, walcowania gwintów i toczenia. Wyniki obliczeń numerycznych weryfikowano eksperymentalnie. Przedstawiono również problematykę optymalizacji topologicznej części samochodowych.
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Novel polythioamide (PTA) was prepared and blended with polyamide 1010 (PA1010). Based on morphology, molecular weight, polydispersity index, thermal, and shear stress behavior, PA1010/PTA (90:10) blend was opted as matrix for graphene nanoplatelet (GNP) reinforcement. Inclusion of functional GNP resulted in crumpled gyroid morphology. T0 (502°C) of PA1010/PTA/GNP was increased by 145°C than unfilled blend (357°C). Limiting oxygen index measurement indicated better non-flammability of PA1010/PTA/GNP1-3 nanocomposites (53-55%) relative to PA1010/PTA1-3 (41-48%). PA1010/PTA/GNP1-3 also attained V-0 rating in UL94. Furthermore, PA1010/PTA/GNP3 nanocomposite revealed optimum tensile strength (40 MPa), impact strength (1.9 MPa), and flexural modulus (1373 MPa) to manufacture automotive part.
Na terenach administracyjnych Poznania strażnicy miejscy rocznie ujawniają ponad 500 dzikich wysypisk śmieci. Od szeregu lat poziom ten jest podobny, z tą jednak różnicą, że dawniej zdecydowaną większość śmietnisk stanowiły odpady komunalne zmieszane (tzw. kuchenne) oraz stare meble, natomiast obecnie prym wiodą odpady budowlane i części samochodów. Nielegalnie wyrzucane odpady nadal stanowią poważny problem społeczny. Jak mu zaradzić?
This article presents the possibilities of using the waste material obtained from the vehicle fuel tank (high density polyethylene PE- HD) as an addition to products. The waste material is added to the original polymer in an amount of 10% , 20% and 30%. The following tests have been performed during the research: differential scanning calorimetry DSC, static tensile test, hardness degree determined by pressing a steel ball, and also optical microscopy of obtained breakthroughs in samples made of liquid nitrogen. In addition, there has also been performed an analysis of mixture of original polyethylene that contains 10%, 20 % and 30 % of HD – PE polymer, which has been turned back for recycling from the production line. The aim of the research is to determine the recycling possibilities of polymeric materials obtained from the waste that emerged on the production line and in the fuel tanks of vehicles which were withdrawn from use as materials that during the utilization process have been subjected to a long-term connection with petroleum. Description of the mechanical and structural properties is an attempt to answer the question concerning usefulness of polymeric materials after utilization.
W Polsce przedsiębiorstwa zajmujące się produkcją samochodów powstały dopiero w latach dwudziestych XX wieku. Istniały natomiast liczne warsztaty, zajmujące się naprawą zużytych elementów. W artykule przedstawiono historię rozwoju motoryzacji, a także możliwości regeneracji części samochodowych metodami spawalniczymi.
EN
In Poland, the company engaged in the production of cars arose only in the twenties of the twentieth century. There were however a number of workshops dealing with the repair of worn parts. The article presents the history of the development of the automotive industry, as well as the possibility of recovery of auto parts welding methods.
W artykule na przykładzie jednego z największych dostawców podzespołów w branży motoryzacyjnej zaprezentowano dostawy typu JIT (Just in Time) oraz JIS (Just in Sequence) realizowane przy wykorzystaniu systemu SAP ERP. System JIS opiera się na układaniu podzespołów na środkach transportu, tak aby odpowiadały kolejnością dostaw na linie produkcyjne. JIS eliminuje czas potrzebny na przeładunek produktów dostarczanych z magazynu na linię produkcyjną klienta docelowego. Jest to jedna z najbardziej zaawansowanych metod produkcji i dostaw wymagająca równie zaawansowanej logistycznej obsługi klienta. Obie koncepcje, tj. JIS i JIT skracają czas dostawy i zwiększają zaufanie do dobrze zaplanowanych i niezawodnych procesów logistycznych. Co więcej aby osiągnąć najwyższy poziom satysfakcji klienta, głównym celem systemów JIT i JIS jest ciągła poprawa łańcucha dostaw w odniesieniu do kosztów, jakości oraz czasu dostawy. W odniesieniu do dostępnych danych można stwierdzić, że ponad 3 000 przedsiębiorstw w branży motoryzacyjnej na całym świecie działa w oparciu o system SAP, produkując tym samym 77 000 pojazdów każdego dnia. Systemy ERP w znacznym stopniu wpływają na jakość i efektywność procesów logistycznych. Umożliwiają planowanie, koordynację, nadzór nad przepływem ładunków, finansów oraz informacji w całym łańcuchu dostaw.
EN
Using the example of one of the biggest suppliers of automotive parts and sub-assemblies, the article presents the JIT (Just in Time) and JIS (Just in Sequence) deliveries based on the SAP system. JIS means that parts are pre-sorted into bins by the supplier, so that assembly workers can withdraw these parts in the right order just as defined by the production sequence. JIS eliminates the time needed for reloading the parts delivered from the warehouse to the customer’s production line. This is one of the most advanced methods of production and deliveries which requires the most advanced customer logistic service. Both concepts, JIS and JIT, shorten delivery cycles and increase the reliance on well-planned and reliable logistics operations. In addition to reaching the customer’s utmost satisfaction, the primary objective of the JIT and JIS methodology is to continually improve the supply chain in terms of costs, quality and timeliness of supplies. According to the data available, over 3,000 automotive companies worldwide rely on SAP software and each day 77,000 vehicles are manufactured by automotive companies that are SAP customers. ERP systems largely influence the quality and efficiency of logistic processes. They enable planning, coordination, control of logistic flows involved in the flow of materials, finance and information in the entire supply chain.
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Of this paper is to give an overview concerning some alternative methods for the production of enhanced performance light alloys components for critical industrial applications and to present an analysis of a new rheocasting process suitable fpr the manufacturing of high performance industrial components. Design/methodology/approach: Innovative design of some automotive parts, their characterization throught radiographic analysis to verify the integrity of the samples from metallurgical point of view. OM and SEM microstructural characterization, optical microscope, mechanical characterization based on samples machined from the produced parts. Findings: Semi-solid metal (SSM) processes demonstrated their capability to reduce the existing gap between casting and forging and during such a processes there are the opportunity to better control the defect level. Research limitations/implications: The produced parts possess excellent properties, some criticises are related to the use of ceramic cores. There is the need of innovation in industrial design to open the mentalities to new advantageous solutions. Practical implications: The principal goal to improve the competitiveness and energy savings associated to the production in high performance cars was fully accomplished. Originality/value: A study on the feasibility was included opening the route for prototype production characterized by an adequate strength as well as by higher esthetical appearance than the element produced by gravity casting process. The presence of the defects does not negatively influence or compromise the employment of the callipers neither in extreme condition, favouring their use on a very high performance cars. In the future, extension of the proposed process for the production of other important applications are expected.
W artykule przedstawiono możliwości stosowania materiałów polimerowych w motoryzacji. Omówiono niektóre wymagania stawiane materiałom oraz wskazano możliwości znacznego zwiększenia wytrzymałości materiału wskutek zastosowania wzmocnienia. Przedstawiono liczne przykłady zastosowań tworzyw wzmocnionych na części motoryzacyjne. Opisano także niektóre najnowsze technologie umożliwiające produkcję części samochodowych z tworzyw wzmocnionych, w tym także konstrukcji hybrydowych.
EN
The paper presents the possibility of using polymeric materials in the automotive industry. Some of the requirements for materials have been discussed and the possibilities of a significant increase in strength of the materials by the use of reinforcements have been indicated. Numerous examples of applications of reinforced plastics as automotive parts have been presented. Some of the latest technologies that enable the production of automotive parts from reinforced plastics, including hybrid structures, have been described.
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