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Advanced persistent threats as a manifestation of states’ military activity in cyber space

Olszewski B.

Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces

2018

Vol. 50, No. 3(189)

57--71

The term Advanced Persistent Threats (APT, APTs) has a relatively short history – originated in the United States’ government spheres and as such was referred to cyber attacks waged by a state actor. The emergence of such threats has been linked to the evolution of the hacker underground that took place after 2000. The activity of specialists swelling the Black Hat ranks had the nature of criminal offences, targeting data collected by corporations and state institutions. Despite a dozen or so years of experience with APTs, they continue to be a dynamic category of contemporary cyber security threats, with many evolving components beyond simple classification. Their unambiguous identification as a strictly separate type is obstructed mainly by the complex structure of such attacks, prompting analysts to locate them in a catalog containing various known vulnerabilities, mechanisms, cycles and variables. The analysis of the problem and the evolution of attacks to date has led to the hypothesis that Advanced Persistent Threats are now in the phase of their further modification and testing as a means of offensive action in inter-state and asymmetric conflicts. Armed forces and special services of states saw in them not only a tool per se to achieve economic and military advantage, but a theoretical basis for further research on the development of advanced cyber weapon.

Broń cybernetyczna jako uzbrojenie strategiczne nowej generacji

Dymanowski K.

Kwartalnik Bellona

2016

Nr 2

178--187

Artykuł stanowi wprowadzenie do tematyki dotyczącej oceny strategicznego znaczenia nowego rodzaju uzbrojenia – broni cybernetycznej. Autor charakteryzuje cyberprzestrzeń oraz definiuje broń cybernetyczną, a także określa kryteria kwalifikowania narzędzi cybernetycznych jako broni. Omawia zasadnicze cechy broni cybernetycznej wyróżniające ją spośród innych rodzajów uzbrojenia, dokonuje syntetycznej oceny uwarunkowań użycia cyberbroni oraz wskazuje jej wady i ograniczenia. Uwzględniając cechy i uwarunkowania użycia broni cybernetycznej, autor analizuje tego rodzaju uzbrojenie w kontekście jego oceny jako uzbrojenia strategicznego w odniesieniu do trzech zasadniczych funkcji broni strategicznej: odstraszania, nacisku (przymusu) oraz rażenia.

The article is an introduction to the subject of evaluating strategic importance of a new type of armament-cyber weapons. The author characterizes cyberspace, gives a definition of cyber weapons, and determines criteria of qualifying cyber tools as weapons. The article presents essential characteristics of cyber weapons that distinguish them from other types of armament, undertakes synthetic evaluation of the fac tors influencing the use of cyber weapons and points to their flaws and limitations. Considering the features and determinants of using cyber weapons, the author conducts an analysis of this type of armament in the context of its strategic value, with respect to three main functions of strategic arms: deterrence, exerted pressure (coercion) and striking capability.