Wyniki wyszukiwania - BazTech

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Nation-State Cyber Operations Legal Considerations: An Estonian Case Study

Małecka Agata

Safety & Defense

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2021

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3

99--108

EN

States use cyberspace as one of the platforms for pursuing national interests, also in the context of armed conflict. Due to their inherent purpose, certain principles of international law also apply to the activities of entities (state and non-state) in cyberspace. The main research problem was defined as the following question: under what conditions could the terms in international law be used to describe the events in Estonia in 2007 that imply the possibility of eventual responses or demands by victim parties consistent with international standards? In the article, the events in Estonia in 2007 were compared to existing methods of cyber warfare. The main research methods that were used to achieve the essential objective were: analysis of legal documents and critical analysis of the literature on the subject. The analysis is interdisciplinary in nature and will be particularly useful to researchers of international political and/or military relations and those interested in aspects of international security.

2

System Approach to Coherent Cybersecurity Strategy

Michalski Daniel

Safety & Defense

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2019

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1

31--36

EN

Cyber-attacks affect not only our daily lives, but also national security by influencing elections, the economy, and communication. This article is an attempt to give an answer to the question included in the topic “How to build a coherent cybersecurity strategy?”. The first part of the article addresses the paradigmatic issue of cybersecurity. The author shows the differences and relations between cybersecurity and cyber defense. At this point, the author presents a systems approach to the nation security and related it to the cybersecurity. The second part of the article has been dedicated to visualize the need of coherent cybersecurity strategy by analyzing data related to cybersecurity. In the end, the author proposes actions to achieve cybersecurity. This has been done based on existing analyzes of cybersecurity strategies and systems approach to the issue of the cybersecurity.

3

Same threat, different answers? Comparing and assessing National Cyber Defence Strategies in Central-Eastern Europe

Niedermeier A.

Security and Defence Quarterly

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2017

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Vol. 16, No. 3

52--74

EN

In the article, National Cyber Security Strategies (NCSS) of the Central and Eastern European states are compared and assessed. After it had become evident that a variety of crucial new threats to national security had emerged over recent years, virtually all states reacted with national strategies. Th ese strategies are aimed at securing national cyberspace from cyber threats through legal, operational, technical and policy-related measures. Th ey exist in addition to general national security strategies and are meant to support these. Even if most countries have National Cyber Security Strategies, the author demonstrates that these strategies show, at least in part, remarkable differences. The role national particularities play is explained, whether they are really this specifi c and whether they might be generalised and transferred to other national contexts and what approaches turned out best under what circumstances. Based on these results, existing strengths, weaknesses and best practices are explained to open avenues for improving existing strategies and generate a higher degree of strategy interoperability in an environment that maybe like no other requires international cooperation. It is evident that precise defi nitions of terms and concepts are essential. However, not all strategies provide those defi nitions, which might lead to misunderstandings and complicate cooperation both on domestic and international level. While some strategies off er clear cut responsibilities for the actors involved, others remain unclear. Even if laws are there to specify concrete procedures, the NCSS should not be too superficial. Th e NCSS itself should already make clear statements, particularly when it comes to the crucial aspect of coordinating the various cyber actors and stake holders. Th e author demonstrates that National Cyber Security Strategies ought 52to be detailed enough to clearly determine actors and responsibilities, but open and flexible enough for adaptability to fast developments.