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Eutrofizacja wody i występowanie toksycznych zakwitów sinicowych w zbiorniku Jeziorsko

Szczukocki D., Krawczyk B., Czarny K., Dałkowski R., Miękoś E., Zieliński M., Juszczak R.

Gospodarka Wodna

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2016

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Nr 9

324--330

PL

Do wód zbiornika Jeziorsko dopływają liczne zanieczyszczenia, w tym biogeny, których nadmierna ilość powoduje nasilenie procesu eutrofizacji w akwenie. Konsekwencją tego są pojawiające się zakwity fitoplanktonu, doprowadzające do zaburzenia równowagi ekologicznej w środowisku wodnym, do zmniejszenia ilości światła docierającego do głębszych warstw wody oraz do zachwiania równowagi tlenowej, przez co mogą powodować masowe śnięcie ryb. Oprócz tego sinice mogą wydzielać groźne toksyny, szczególnie niebezpieczne dla zdrowia i życia zarówno zwierząt, jak i ludzi. Dlatego bardzo ważne jest monitorowanie akwenu pod kątem symptomów eutrofizacji oraz występowania toksyn sinicowych. W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań przeprowadzonych na zbiorniku Jeziorsko w sezonie 2014, potwierdzających zły stan wód tego akwenu, występowanie w nim nadmiernych zakwitów oraz niebezpiecznych toksyn, w tym głównie mikrocystyny-LR.

EN

Numerous polluting agents flow into the waters of the Jeziorsko Reservoir, including nutrients, the excessive amount of which results in intensification of the eutrophication process in the reservoir. This results in phytoplankton blooming, leading to disruption of the ecological balance in the water environment, reduction of the amount of light penetrating deeper water strata and loss of the oxygen balance potentially provoking mass fish deaths. Moreover, the blue-algae may discharge dangerous toxins, particularly detrimental to the health and life of animals and people. It is therefore very important to monitor the reservoir for the occurrence of eutrophication symptoms and blue-algae toxins. The article presents the results of research carried out in the Jeziorsko Reservoir in the 2014 season, confirming poor state of its waters, occurrence of excessive blooming and dangerous toxins, mainly microcystin-LR.

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Cyanobacterial blooms in kaliski region water reservoirs and water quality parameters

Szczukocki D., Dałkowski R., Krawczyk B., Juszczak R., Kubisiak-Banaszkiewicz L., Olejniczak B., Andrijewski G.

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2015

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Vol. 41, no. 1

15--23

EN

Cyanobacterial blooms occur frequently in artificial lakes, especially in water reservoirs with small retention exposition to anthropopressure. The abundant occurrence of cyanobacteria is accompanied by danger of oxygen imbalance in the aquatic environment and the secretion of toxins that are possible threat to human health and life. Cyanobacterial cell growth depends on a number of physical (temperature, light exposure), chemical (pH, concentration of compounds containing nitrogen and phosphorus) and biological (the presence of other organisms) factors. This paper presents the results of the analysis of water from reservoirs located in southern Wielkopolska region (Pokrzywnica-Szałe, Gołuchów and Piaski-Szczygliczka). Some important physico-chemical parameters of water samples taken from investigated reservoirs as well as cyanotoxins concentration were determined. Furthermore, the cyanobacterial species were identified. There was also an attempt made to correlate the water parameters with the cyanobacteria development and cyanotoxins production. On the basis of the results obtained in the analyzed season, it can be concluded that water from Pokrzywnica and Gołuchów reservoirs was rich in nutrients, hence the intense cyanobacterial blooms and cyanotoxins in water were observed.

PL

Zakwity sinicowe występują szczególnie często w zbiornikach małej retencji poddanych wielokierunkowej antropopresji. Obfitemu występowaniu sinic towarzyszy niebezpieczeństwo związane z zachwianiem równowagi tlenowej w środowisku wodnym oraz wydzielaniem toksyn, które niosą ze sobą zagrożenie dla zdrowia i życia ludzi. Wzrost komórek sinic uzależniony jest od wielu czynników fizycznych (temperatura, naświetlenie), chemicznych (pH, stężenie związków zawierających azot i fosfor) i biologicznych (obecność innych organizmów). W niniejszym artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań wody ze zbiorników retencyjnych południowej Wielkopolski (Pokrzywnica-Szałe, Gołuchów oraz Piaski-Szczygliczka). Scharakteryzowano parametry fizyko-chemiczne wód, określono gatunki sinic występujące w badanych zbiornikach, a także podjęto próbę skorelowania scharakteryzowanych parametrów wód z rozwojem sinic i produkcją cyjanotoksyn. Na podstawie uzyskanych rezultatów można stwierdzić, że wody zbiorników Pokrzywnica i Gołuchów wykazywały dużą żyzność w badanym sezonie, czego efektem były intensywne zakwity sinicowe, w czasie których odnotowano w ich wodach występowanie cyjanotoksyn.

3

Cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins in Polish freshwater bodies

Kobos J., Błaszczyk A., Hohlfeld N., Toruńska-Sitarz A., Krakowiak A., Hebel A., Sutryk K., Grabowska M., Toporowska M., Kokociński M., Messyasz B., Rybak A., Napiórkowska-Krzebietke A., Nawrocka L., Pełechata A., Budzyńska A., Zagajewski P., Mazur-Marzec H.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2013

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Vol. 42, No. 4

358--378

EN

In this work, the authors examined the presence of cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins in 21 samples collected from fresh water bodies located in 5 provinces in Poland: Lublin (2), Podlasie (1), Pomerania (6), Warmia-Masuria (1) and Wielkopolska (11). In addition, to determine the general pattern of geographical distribution, frequency of cyanobacteria occurrence, and cyanotoxins production, the published data from 238 fresh water bodies in Poland were reviewed. On the basis of these collected results, we concluded that Planktothrix, Aphanizomenon, Microcystis and Dolichospermum were dominant. The general pattern in geographical distribution of the identified cyanobacterial genera was typical of other eutrophic waters in Europe. The production of cyanotoxins was revealed in 18 (86%) of the 21 samples analyzed in the present work and in 74 (75%) of the 98 total water bodies for which the presence of toxins had been examined. Among the 24 detected microcystin variants, [Asp3]MC-RR was most common. These results can be verified when more data from the less explored water bodies in the southern and eastern parts of Poland are available.

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Analiza przyczyn występowania złej jakości wody w zbiorniku retencyjnym w Kraśniku w pierwszych latach jego funkcjonowania

Pęczuła W., Suchora M.

Przegląd Naukowy Inżynieria i Kształtowanie Środowiska

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2011

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Vol. 20, No. 4

321--332

PL

W niewielkim powierzchniowo (390 ha) i płytkim (gł. śr. 2,5m) zbiorniku retencyjnym Zalew Kraśnicki, w którym już w drugim roku po napełnieniu stwierdzono występowanie zakwitów cyjanobakterii przeprowadzono w 2008 i 2009 roku badania podstawowych parametrów troficznych oraz dokonano analizy przyczyn szybkiej degradacji. Wartości Wskaźnika Stanu Trofii zbiornika mieściły się w zakresie 74,4 – 75,5 a obciążenie jego wód fosforem pochodzącym z zasilającej go rzeki Wyżnicy oszacowano na 4,50 - 5,87 g P m-2 rok-1 . Analiza struktury zlewni (której ponad 70% powierzchni zajmują grunty orne) pokazała, że może ona być potencjalnym źródłem dużych ilości pierwiastków eutrofizujących zbiornik i zasilającej go rzekę. Zidentyfikowano także punktowe źródła zanieczyszczeń, wśród których najbardziej istotną rolę w dostawie fosforu pełni prawdopodobnie położona w środkowym odcinku rzeki oczyszczalnia ścieków pochodzących z zakładów mleczarskich w Kraśniku.

EN

Kraśnicki reservoir is a small (390 ha), shallow (mean depth 2.5 m) water body where as soon as 2 years after filling up cyanobacterial blooms had been observed. Research of basic limnological parameters had been taken in 2008 - 2009 to identify the scale and causes of water quality deterioration. Trophic State Index of the reservoir ranged from 74.4 to 75.5, and estimated phosphorus load from the inflow (Wyżnica River) ranged from 4.50 up to 5.87 g P m-2 year-1 which indicates that ecosystem deterioration could be induced by overfertilisation. Reservoir catchment, with arable land exceeding 70%, proved to be a potentially important source of nutrient supply both for the river and the reservoir. Also point-sources of nutrients has been identified: it is shown, that huge amounts of P was delivered to Wyżnica River from wastewater treatment plant, relieving water from dairy factory.

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Sedimentary imprint of cyanobacterial blooms : a new tool for insight into recent history of lakes

Pawlik-Skowrońska B., Kornijów R., Pirszel J.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2010

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Vol. 58, nr 4

663-670

EN

Recent history of numerous lakes is, among others, a consequence of anthropogenic activity that led to water eutrophication and excessive phytoplankton development. In nutrient-rich lakes both biomass of cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins, that may have a substantial impact on aquatic biocenoses, are present not only in water column but also in the bottom sediments. This study demonstrates vertical distribution of microcystins (MC) traces in sediments of two eutrophic lakes - one phytoplankton/macrophyte-dominated and the other phytoplankton-dominated. The sediments (1-40/50 cm depth) were sampled from central part of lakes and content of MC traces was determined by means of GC-MS in 1cm core slices. In the sediment profile (1-40 cm depth) of the phytoplankton/macrophyte-dominated lake the MC contents ranged from 0.011 in deep layer (35 cm) to 0.910 [mu]g equival. MC-LR g[^-1] d.w. in the surface layer (1 cm) and indicated gradual increase in eutrophication . connected with mass development of cyanobacteria over time. In phytoplanktondominated lake, MC contents (0.0-0.335 [mu]g equival. MC-LR g[^-1] d.w.) oscillated through the core (1-50 cm depth) and were relatively similar in older, deeper (20-50 cm) and younger (1-20 cm) layers what suggests long-lasting but variable intensity of cyanobacteria mass development. The obtained results indicate that traces of microcystins persist and are detectable for several dozens years not only in surface but also in deep sediment layers of lakes affected by former cyanobacterial blooms. They seem to be a reliable tool to follow eutrophication and its consequence - excessive development of cyanobacteria in the past time.

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Cyanobacterial hepatotoxins, microcystins and nodularins, in fresh and brackish waters of the Pomeranian Province, Northern Poland

Mazur-Marzec H., Spoof L., Kobos J., Pliński M., Meriluoto J.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2008

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Vol. 37, No.4

3-21

EN

Microcystins (MCs) and structurally related nodularins (NODs) are hepatotoxic cyclic peptides produced by bloom-forming cyanobacteria. These toxins have been implicated in the deaths of wild and domestic animals as well as in incidents of human illness. Cyanobacterial toxins occurring in the fresh and brackish waters of the Pomeranian Province, northern Poland were characterized in this study. Water samples collected from seven lakes in August and September 2005 were analysed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and protein phosphatase inhibition assay (PPIA). Cyanobacterial toxins present in field samples and in an isolated strain of Planktothrix agardhii were also characterized by liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). In most of the fresh water samples MC-LR, MC-RR and MC-YR dominated. In the lakes where P. agardhii was most abundant demethylated microcystin variants tentatively identified as [D-Asp3]MC-LR, [D-Asp3]MC-YR and [D-Asp3]MC-RR, were found. Total concentrations of the toxins measured by HPLC ranged from 0.1 žg l-1 to 305.4 žg l-1. Nodularia spumigena bloom samples were collected from brackish waters of the Gulf of Gdańsk, southern Baltic, and LC-ISP-MS/MS of extract from these revealed the presence of two geometrical isomers of linear nodularin and nodularin variant with aspartic acid methyl ester [MeAsp1(OMe)]NOD.

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Rozwój zakwitów sinicowych w Polsce na przykładzie zbiornika sulejowskiego

Kabziński A. K. M., Grabowska H.

Gospodarka Wodna

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2008

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Nr 5

194-207

PL

Przedstawiono wyniki badań nad warunkami rozwoju za kwitów sinicowych w zbiorniku sulejowskim, przeprowadzonych w latach 1983-2003. Zaprezentowano również rezultaty dokonanej analizy wpływu podstawowych parametrów środowiska wodnego zbiornika na intensywność rozwoju tych zakwitów.

EN

The article presents results of the research on cyanobacteri-al bloorns conditions in the Sulejowski reservoir, realised in the years 1983-2003. It also presents results of the analysis of the basie water environment parameters influence on the intensity of blooms' development.

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Cyanobacterial toxins in fresh and brackish waters of Pomorskie Province (northern Poland)

Mazur H., Lewandowska J., Błaszczyka A., Kot A., Pliński M.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2003

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Vol. 32, No. 1

15-26

EN

Hepatotoxic cyclic peptides and neurotoxic alkaloids are the most common groups of cyanobacterial toxins. They pose a serious threat to human and animal health; each year they are responsible for several cases of animal fatalities (mammals, fish and birds). In Polish water bodies toxic blooms of cyanobacteria are also frequently observed. In this work, a procedure for anatoxin-a analysis has been modified to obtain a sensitive and selective method for routine studies of bloom samples. The presence of cyanobacterial neuro and hepatotoxins in fresh and brackish waters of Pomorskie Province was examined. Hepatotoxins, microcystins or nodularin, were detected in all phytoplankton samples dominated by the cyanobacteria of Microcystis and Anabaena genera or by Nodularia spumigena. HPLC-PDA analysis showed the presence of anatoxin-a only in one sample collected in coastal waters of the Gulf of Gdańsk and dominated by Anabaena.

9

Toxic effect of cyanobacterial blooms on the grazing activity of Daphnia magna Straus

Lotocka M.

Oceanologia

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2001

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No. 43 (4)

441-453

EN

The investigations aimed to determine the impact of cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa (Kütz.) Kütz. and Aphanizomenon flos-aquae (L.) Ralfs ex Bornet et Flah., both toxic algae, on the grazing intensity of Daphnia magna Straus. In order to determine the parameter permitting the quantitative determination of the grazing intensity of herbivorous organisms, methods based on the following techniques were applied: microscopy, to determine the degree of gut fullness; spectrophotometry, to determine the levels of chlorophyll a and its degradation products in the food composition; high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to determine the content of exogenous and endogenous carotenoids. Each of these methods confirmed that the tested algae species inhibited grazing intensity in D. magna Straus. The most obvious effects were obtained when M. aeruginosa (Kütz.) Kütz. was used as food. With these cyanobacteria, the gut fullness indicator did not exceed 58%, and the chlorophyll a content in the digestive system of the tested D. magna was three times lower than that in the control organisms. It seems that the defensive reaction of organisms was a reversible process. However, the possibility of a long-term, sublethal influence of cyanobacteria on the physiology and internal processes of this species cannot be ruled out.