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System miar starożytnego Egiptu - miary długości, odległości, powierzchni, objętości i masy

Wollek A.

Pomiary Automatyka Kontrola

2014

R. 60, nr 5

333--336

Jedną z cech starożytności jest duża różnorodność jednostek i systemów miar. Starożytny Egipt, na ogół kojarzy się nam z faraonami, piramidami w Gizie i Sfinksem. Czy jest to słuszne? Co jeszcze zawdzięczamy tej cywilizacji? W swoim artykule autor przedstawia egipski system miar. Ze względu na obszerność artykuł podzielono na dwie części. W pierwszej z nich poruszono kwestię źródeł informacji o dawnych miarach, oraz przedstawiono ich podział. Autor przytacza też legendę o oku Horusa, które stanowiło potężny amulet, faktycznie zaś było używane do zapisu części ułamkowych w tym także miar. Następnie przedstawiono kolejno: miary długości i odległości, pola powierzchni, masy i objętości.

Ancient Egypt and its history and treasures had fascinated people of a long time. Until today the legend about them still stimulate the human imagination. This country was once one of the great powers of the ancient world. The remnants are still visible in ruins of monumental buildings, which in vain to look elsewhere in the world. The best example of this are of course pyramids in Giza, recognized even in ancient times as one of the Seven Wonders of the World. Not less admiration is also temples of Karnak, Luxor, Deir el Bahari, or Abu Simbel. The necropolis in the Valley of the Kings is associated with by Howard Carter and the tomb of Tutankhamen and its treasures. Creating such a developed culture would not have been possible without the existence of the measurement system. Without them there would be not only the buildings, but also the power of ancient Egypt. In the article the author presents the current state of knowledge about the ancient Egyptian measurement system. In Egypt the measure standards were divided into official and commercial ones. The official standards were stored in the main temples of the city. Access was limited since they were the symbol of power and independence. The commercial standards made with cheaper and more versatile materials such as: wood, clay, rocks, or lead. They were stored in special structures on the ancient all key sightseeing places. The ancient Egyptian measurement system consisted of length and distance, area, weight, volume and the calendar and time measurement. Often, the units were different for different goods. That was the most common measurement of weight and volume. Most other measures were used for dry and for liquid. The greatest merit of the ancient Egyptians was the invention of the decimal system and the solar calendar. Over time, measure the weight began to have symbolic meaning thereby start money.

Gdy bogiem było Słońce - starożytne jednostki miar (cz. I)

Wollek A.

Pomiary Automatyka Kontrola

2009

R. 55, nr 9

787-789

W artykule autor zabiera czytelnika w wędrówkę po świecie antyku przedstawiając wybrane jednostki miar używanych przez największe cywilizacje świata starożytnego: Sumer, Egipt, Grecję i Rzym. Artykuł podzielono na dwie części. W pierwszej opisano prawdopodobnie pierwszy przykład wykorzystania do pomiarów skali naturalnej, którym były tokeny. Kolejne rozdziały zawierają opisy jednostek miar długości, odległości i pola powierzchni. W drugiej części artykułu autor przedstawił jednostki miar masy, objętości oraz związane z nimi aspekty prawne i religijne.

In his paper the Author is taking readers to the journey through the ancient world. He describes old units of measure used by the most famous ancient civilizations of the world such as: Sumer, Egypt, Greece and Rome. The paper is divided into two parts. The first one contains 7 chapters (including references), the second one 6. The first part includes information about tokens, the length, the distance and the area measure units. Tokens are small forms made from the clay. They were used for counting from about 8,000 B.C. to 1500 B.C in Mesopotamia. This is the first known usage of the natural scale to the measure. The length units were the first defined units of the measure (approximately 3,000 B.C.). In Sumer and Egypt the basic unit of the length was a cubit, in Greece and Rome it was a foot. The Sumerian cubit was divided into the 30 fingers, the Egyptian into the 28 (the royal cubit) or into the 24 (the small cubit). The foot was divided to the 16 fingers. The area measure were an agricultural or a life frequently dependent. The information about weight and volume units are in the second part of the paper including. The Sumerian weight measure units were taken by another civilizations like: Acadians, Babylonians, Assyrians and Greeks. The most kinds have the volume units. Another one was for liquids and another one for dry measure. The one of the lasts chapters describes the law conditions refer to the measure units. Some samples, including Urnammu legal code and the Bible, are available.