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Numerical analysis of the flow rig for UWS spray examination in exhaust system-relevant conditions

Górka Krzysztof, Kaźmierski Bartosz, Kapusta Łukasz Jan

Combustion Engines

2021

R. 60, nr 3

103--112

In the present study, a flow rig with optical access intended for spray investigations in exhaust system-relevant conditions was analysed in terms of flow and temperature in the spray area using numerical simulations. The operation of the rig was examined for a wide range of exhaust mass flow rates, temperatures and various forms of UWS (urea-water solution) spray plumes. The locations of the injector and thermocouple were verified. Both conventional and flash-boiling injections were considered to assess the effect of the interaction of sprays with a gas flow. The results showed a highly uniform flow in the visualisation area, with only minor fluctuations near the walls. A similar observation was carried out for the temperature distribution. It was found that the extreme operating conditions caused substantial deformations of the spray plumes. However, the selected injector location allowed us to properly observe the spray formation regardless of the flow conditions. The study showed that the examined test rig enabled reliable spray investigations for a wide range of operating points.

Influence of zeolite suspension concentration on microfiltration characteristics

Bakalar T., Sabo S., Bugel M., Loch B.

Geology, Geophysics and Environment

2015

Vol. 41, no. 1

59--60

Crossflow microfiltration is a very effective and energy efficient separation method allowing separation of very fine particles from liquids. It is mainly used for separation of particles from 0.1 to 10 microns. These membrane processes are used for separation of solids from liquids in pharmaceutical, chemical, food, and dairy industries as well as in environmental protection and water treatment (Fadaei et al. 2007, Chellam et al. 2011). Ceramic membranes are often used for treatment of water. These membranes are preferred for their higher chemical, mechanical, and thermal resistance compared with organic membranes. Membranes form a physical barrier to the sludge, bacteria and suspended particles. Microstructural parameters as pore size, pore density, and porosity of the membrane have a great influence on the permeate f lux (Ogunbiyi et al. 2008, Altunkaynak et al. 2010). Zeolites occur in a number of variations such as clinoptilolite and chabazite. Clinoptilolite is the most abundant zeolite and is easily available in more than 40 varieties. Natural and also synthetic zeolites have unique physical, chemical and structural properties. Therefore zeolites are widely used in technological, environmental and agricultural processes. One of the most studied zeolites, clinoptilolite showed the highest selectivity for some heavy metals ions such as Pb2+, Cd2+, Zn2+ and Cu+ Babel et al. 2003). In the experiments natural zeolite was used from Nižný Hrabovec in the Slovak Republic. The structure is composed from three-dimensional grid, the main mineral is clinoptilolite. Clinoptilolite is composed of a tetrahedron (SiO4)4- connected by oxygen atoms, and a part of the silicon atoms is replaced with aluminum atoms. The total volume of the cavities of the zeolite is from 24 to 32%. The volume density is from 1600 to 1800 kg∙m-3, the density from 2200 to 2440 kg∙m -3 and the specific surface is from 30 to 60 m 2∙g -1 (www.zeocem.com). For the experimental measurements special laboratory microfiltration apparatus was used. The filtered suspension was pumped using a membrane pump from a reservoir (4 liters volume) into membrane module, in which the ceramic membrane with porosity of 50 nm is placed. Magnetic flow meter measured the flow of the suspension. The values of the input and output transmembrane pressure were recorded from gauges. From the membrane module permeate flowed to collecting bottle. The collecting bottle was placed on a labbalance. The monitored data (pressure, suspension flow rate, permeate flow and temperature) were processed by a computer program. The temperature of the suspension was maintained at 25°C, the pressures were in the range from 40 to 100 kPa and the flow rate of the suspension was 2.2 m∙s-1. The measurements were focused on determination of the stability of the microfiltration system using different pressures and different concentrations of suspensions of zeolite. Experiments were performed to determine the permeate fluxin the microfiltration of suspensions of zeolite at concentration of 3 g∙L-1, 6 g∙L-1 and 9 g∙L -1, at a constant pressure of 100 kPa and a constant rate of suspension flow of 2.2 m∙s-1. After stabilization of the system, and after the addition of a given concentration of zeolite to the apparatus in all three cases it is possible to see a decrease in membrane flux to a value of about 310 L∙m-2∙h-1. However this flux has not remained constant, but in the course of the experiment continued to decrease to a final value of 280 L∙m-2 h-1. This decrease indicates that under these conditions there is some fouling of the membrane at relatively low concentrations of the zeolite suspension. Due to membrane fouling experiments with gradual increasing and then decreasing of pressures were performed. In the experiments at a constant suspension f low rate of 2.2 m∙s-1 and a constant concentration of zeolite suspension of 3 g∙L-1 the pressure in the apparatus was gradually varied from 40 to 70 kPa and then back to 60 kPa and 50 kPa. For each of these pressures the system was allowed to stabilize for 30 min. From the comparison of the levels of flow rates at 60 kPa and 50 kPa it may be seen that in both cases a decrease in flux occurs after reduction of pressure. Therefore, it can be concluded that in the microfiltration experiments with the membrane and zeolite used it is preferably to use lower operating pressure of 70 kPa. In the following experiments therefore the pressure of 50 kPa was used. These experiments were carried out at constant pressure and constant rate of 2.2 m∙s-1. Concentrations of zeolite were varied by 1 g∙L-1 to a final concentration of 30 g∙L-1. The system was stable at low concentrations of zeolites and there was no initial decrease of flow. In the experiments with higher zeolite concentrations has also been shown that even at the highest concentration of used zeolite suspension of 30 g∙L-1 there was no decrease in membrane flux. This flux was approx. 150 L∙m-2∙h-1 and further did not decrease.