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1

Effect of Natural Aging and Fatigue Crack Propagation Rate on Welded and Non-Welded Aluminum Alloy (AA2219-T87)

Ijaz Mudasir, Qayyum Faisal, Elahi Hassan, Ullah Mudaser, Eugeni Marco, Badshah Saeed, Gaudenzi Paolo

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2019

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Vol. 13, no 3

129--143

EN

Aluminum alloys are widely used for fabrication of aircraft, civil structures, and space vehicles. Fatigue life consideration of a material is the most important design criteria in many such critical applications. In this research work, a widely used Aluminum alloy AA2219-T87 was TIG welded using AA2319 as a filler material. The effect of natural aging on Fatigue Crack Propagation Rate (FCPR) of welded and non-welded compact tension (CT) specimens (AA2219˗T87) is studied. The relationship between stress intensity factor (ΔK) and crack ratio (a/W) for different value of the crack length in base metal and the welded zone is presented. Paris curves for both welded and non-welded specimens and compared to study the effect of natural aging (NA) on FCGR and compared with non-aged specimens. The results obtained provide a base for the development of Structural Health Monitoring systems for the propagation of crack growth in such components.

2

Corrosion fatigue crack propagation rate characteristics for weldable ship and offshore steels with regard to the influence of loading frequency and saltwater temperature

Jakubowski M.

Polish Maritime Research

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2017

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nr 1

88--99

EN

After Vosikovsky (1975), the corrosion fatigue crack growth rate (CFCGR) characteristics have been divided into three regions. The region-III rates are very close to mechanical fatigue crack growth rates. CFCGR formulae, including the long-crack length effect (in region I only), the loading frequency effect (in region II only), and the saltwater temperature effect, have been proposed. It has been assumed that CFCGR is proportional to f –k, where f is the loading frequency and k is a constant. The averaged k-value for all steels of yield stress (YS) below 500 MPa, usually with ferrite-pearlite microstructures, is higher than that for YS > 500 MPa, usually with quenched and tempered microstructures. The temperature effect does not appear in region I below room temperature. In the remaining cases, that is, in region I for elevated temperatures and in region II for both low and elevated temperatures, the CFCGR increases with increasing temperature. Under a potential of –0.8 V, a long-crack-length effect, qualitatively similar to analogous effect for free corrosion conditions, appears.

3

Wpływ wstępnego odkształcenia plastycznego na prędkość rozwoju pęknięć zmęczeniowych w stopie aluminium D16CzATW w warunkach stałoamplitudowego zginania

Mierzyński J., Hutsaylyuk V.

Biuletyn Wojskowej Akademii Technicznej

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2013

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Vol. 62, nr 3

207-219

PL

Zbadano inicjację i rozwój pęknięć zmęczeniowych w elementach wykonanych ze stopu aluminium D16CzATW w warunkach stałoamplitudowego obciążenia zginającego przy współczynniku asymetrii cyklu R = –1. Badaniom poddano próbki z karbem geometrycznym w postaci otworu walcowego uzyskanego w wyniku wiercenia i rozwiercania, a także w postaci otworu walcowego poddanego kalibracji. Uzyskano duże różnice w zakresie propagacji pęknięć zmęczeniowych w zależności od zastosowanego wariantu badań. Te różnice uzasadniono zmianą stanu naprężenia wokół otworu poddanego kalibracji. Wykazano pojawienie się krótkich pęknięć zmęczeniowych w ograniczonym zakresie naprężeń w przypadku próbek z otworem wierconym i rozwiercanym. Przebiegi rozwoju pęknięć zmęczeniowych porównano z obrazami powierzchni przełomów. Zaobserwowano powiązanie tych przebiegów z mechanizmem pękania.

EN

There was examined crack growth rate in D16CzAT W aluminium alloy clad specimens. The research was carried out under the conditions of constant-amplitude bending at the stress ratio R = –1. Crack growth rate diagrams were plotted for specimens with drilled holes each and specimens with holes that were strengthened in calibration process. It was concluded that the propagation of crack in specimens with calibrated holes was significantly different in relation to specimens with common holes. The aforementioned difference was explained by a change in the state of stress around the hole. There were observed the appearance of short fatigue cracks in a limited range of stress in the case of specimen with common holes. A microfractographic analysis of fracture surfaces made it possible to confirm this phenomenon.

4

Model for a piezoelectric strip of crack arrest subjected to Mode-I loadings

Bhargava R.R., Setia A.

Archives of Computational Materials Science and Surface Engineering

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2009

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Vol. 1, nr 1

5-12

EN

Purpose: In the present paper a crack arrest model is proposed for an infinitely long narrow poled piezoelectric strip embedded with a centrally situated finite hairline straight crack. Design/methodology/approach: The ceramic of the strip is assumed to be mechanically brittle and electrically ductile. Combined mechanical and electrical loads applied at the edge of the strip open the rims of the crack in mode-I deformations. Consequently a yield zone protrudes ahead of each tip of the crack. Under small scale yielding the yield zone are assumed to lie on the line segment along the axis of the crack. To arrest the crack from further opening the rims of the yield zones are subjected to normal, cohesive quadratically varying yield point stress. Two cases are considered: Case-I the edges of the strip are subjected to in-plane normal and in-plane electrical displacement and in Case-II the in-plane stresses and in-plane electrical field are applied on the edges of the strip. In each case problem is solved using Fourier transform method which finally reduces to the solution of integral equation. Findings: Analytic expressions are derived for stress intensity factor, yield zone, crack opening displacement, crack growth rate, variation of these quantities with respect to affecting parameters viz. width of the strip, yield zone length, crack length, material constants for different ceramics have been plotted. Research limitations/implications: The material of the strip is assumed mechanically brittle and electrically ductile consequently mechanically singularity is encountered first. The investigations in this paper are carried at this level. Also the crack yielding under the loads is considered small scale hence the yield zone is assumed to be lying on the line segment ahead of the crack. Practical implications: Piezoelectric ceramics are widely used as sensors and actuators, this necessity prompts the fracture study on such ceramics under different loading conditions. Originality/value: The paper gives an assessment of the quadratically varying load required to be prescribed on yield zones so as to arrest the opening of the crack. The investigations are useful to smart material design technology where sensors and actuators are manufactured.

5

Modified strip saturation model for a cracked piezoelectric strip

Bhargava R., Setia A.

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

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2008

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Vol. 30, nr 1

33-36

EN

Purpose: The investigations aim to propose a model for arresting an electrical opening of a crack which weakens a narrow, poled and infinite piezoelectric strip. The edges of the strip are subjected to uniform, constant anti-plane stresses and in-plane electrical displacements. Design/methodology/approach: The loads applied at the edges of the strip open the crack in a self-similar fashion. Consequently at each tip of the crack a saturation zone protrudes. To stop the crack from further opening the rims of developed saturation zones are subjected to normal, cohesive linearly varying saturation limit electric displacement. The edges of the strip are subjected to anti-plane deformation and in-plane electrical displacement. Fourier integral transform method employed reduces the problem to the solution of a Fredholm integral equation of second kind. Findings: The electrical displacement, stress intensity factor, the saturation zone length, crack opening displacement and crack growth rate have been calculated. The results obtained presented graphically, analysed and concluded. Research limitations/implications: The ceramic used for strip is being assumed to be electrically more brittle. The investigations are carried at this level in the present paper. Also the small scale electrical yielding is considered. Consequently the developed saturation zone is proposed to lie in a line segment ahead of crack. Practical implications: Piezoelectric ceramics being widely used as transducers. Their wide utility has prompted to study many attires of such ceramic and one such attire is fracture mechanics of these ceramics. Originality/value: The paper gives an assessment of the electrical load necessary to arrest the electrical crack opening. The investigations are useful to smart material design technology where sensors and actuators are manufactured.

6

Rozwój krótkich pęknięć zmęczeniowych z otworu w stopie aluminium 2024-T3

Kocańda D., Hutsaylyuk V.

Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Świętokrzyskiej. Nauki Techniczne

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2007

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Z. 4

66-68

PL

W silnie wytężonych elementach konstrukcji przedział rozwoju krótkich pęknięć zmęczeniowych jest okresem bezpiecznej ich eksploatacji. Do takich elementów należą połączenia nitowe blach pokrycia skrzydeł samolotu, które są najsłabszym ogniwem w konstrukcji. Przekroczenie warunków granicznych dla długości krótkiego pęknięcia lub wartości progowego współczynnika intensywności naprężeń może prowadzić do zniszczenia elementu. W kryterium projektowania konstrukcji na dopuszczalne uszkodzenie (damage tolerance) graniczna długość krótkiego pęknięcia rozwijającego się z otworu nitowego jest granicznym bezpiecznym uszkodzeniem. Z tego względu celowym staje się określenie okresu rozwoju krótkich pęknięć, rozumianego jako część trwałości zmęczeniowej elementu, granicznej ich długości i odpowiadającego współczynnika intensywności naprężeń.

EN

Results of fatigue short crack growth emanated from a hole for 2024-T3 Alclad aluminum alloy are performed. The range of short crack growth as well as the threshold stress intensity factor from short to long crack were established in the paper.

7

Influence of corrosion environments on materials and strength of structures:new approaches and practical applications.

Dmytrakh I.

Prace Naukowe Instytutu Materiałoznawstwa i Mechaniki Technicznej Politechniki Wrocławskiej. Konferencje

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2007

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Vol. 65, nr 11

13-35

EN

The presented lecture highlights the mechanical, physical and corrosion aspects of the environmentally assisted fracture of structural metallic materials. The methods and testing equipment for corrosion crack growth studies and electrochemical measurements within cracks are described. The relationship between electrochemical state and stress-strain state of pre-fracture zone was derived on the base of received experimental data for the number systems "material-environment". The new method for determining of corrosion fatigue crack growth rate diagrams is presented with taken into account an electrochemical situation in the crack tip. It has been proven that such diagrams reflect the extreme influence of the environment factor on material corrosion fatigue fracture processes and may be recommended as the base for a remaining lifetime calculation of the structure elements that are exploited under environmental conditions. The engineering applications of presented approaches and methods for expert assessment of technical state of heat-and-power engineering pipelines are considered and the examples of calculations of residual life of some structural elements are given with taken into account of the actual data of metal properties and operating conditions of equipment.

8

Crack arrest model for a piezoelectric strip subjected to Mode-I loadings

Bhargava R. R., Setia A.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2007

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Vol. 22, nr 2

19-22

EN

Purpose: The present paper aims at proposing a crack arrest model for an infinitely long narrow, poled ceramic strip weakened by a finite hairline straight crack when the edges of the strip are subjected to combined mechanical and electrical loads. Design/methodology/approach: (Model) As a consequence of loads the rims of crack open forming a yield zone ahead of each tip of the crack. To arrest the crack from further opening the rims of the yield zones are subjected to normal cohesive quadratically varying yield point stress. Two cases are presented when edges of the strip are subjected to: Case-I-in-plane stresses and electrical displacement or Case-II-in-plane stresses and in-plane electric field. Problems are solved using Fourier integral transform method. Findings: The stress intensity factor, yield zone length, crack opening displacement, crack growth rate have been calculated. Their variation with respect to affecting parameters viz. yield zone length, width of the strip, material constant, electrical and mechanical loads has been depicted graphically. Research limitations/implications: The material of the strip is assumed mechanically brittle and electrically ductile consequently mechanically singularity is encountered first. The investigations in this paper are carried at this level. Also the crack yielding under the loads is considered small scale hence the yield zone is assumed to be lying on the line segment ahead of the crack. Practical implications: Piezoelectric ceramics are widely used as sensors and actuators, this necessity prompts the fracture study on such ceramics under difference loading conditions. Originality/value: The paper gives an assessment of the quadratically varying load required to be prescribed on yield zones so as to arrest the opening of the crack. The investigations are useful to smart material design technology where sensors and actuators are manufactured.

9

Crack arrest model for a piezoelectric strip subjected to Mode-I loadings

Bhargava R. R., Setia A.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2007

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Vol. 20, nr 1-2

215-218

EN

Purpose: The present paper aims at proposing a crack arrest model for an infinitely long narrow, poled ceramic strip weakened by a finite hairline straight crack when the edges of the strip are subjected to combined mechanical and electrical loads. Design/methodology/approach: (Model) As a consequence of loads the rims of crack open forming a yield zone ahead of each tip of the crack. To arrest the crack from further opening the rims of the yield zones are subjected to normal cohesive quadratically varying yield point stress. Two cases are presented when edges of the strip are subjected to: Case-I-in-plane stresses and electrical displacement or Case-II-in-plane stresses and in-plane electric field. Problems are solved using Fourier integral transform method. Findings: The stress intensity factor, yield zone length, crack opening displacement, crack growth rate have been calculated. Their variation with respect to affecting parameters viz. yield zone length, width of the strip, material constant, electrical and mechanical loads has been depicted graphically. Research limitations/implications: The material of the strip is assumed mechanically brittle and electrically ductile consequently mechanically singularity is encountered first. The investigations in this paper are carried at this level. Also the crack yielding under the loads is considered small scale hence the yield zone is assumed to be lying on the line segment ahead of the crack. Practical implications: Piezoelectric ceramics are widely used as sensors and actuators, this necessity prompts the fracture study on such ceramics under different loading conditions. Originality/value: The paper gives an assessment of the quadratically varying load required to be prescribed on yield zones so as to arrest the opening of the crack. The investigations are useful to smart material design technology where sensors and actuators are manufactured.

10

Analiza rozwoju małych pęknięć zmęczeniowych od otworu oraz mikromechanizm pękania platerowanej blachy stopu aluminium 2024-T3

Kocańda D., Hutsaylyuk V., Hlado V.

Biuletyn Wojskowej Akademii Technicznej

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2007

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Vol. 56, nr 4

37-53

PL

Zbadano powstawanie i rozwój małych pęknięć zmęczeniowych propagujących od otworu w obustronnie platerowanej blasze lotniczego stopu aluminium 2024-T3 przy stałoamplitudowym jednostronnym zginaniu (R=0,1). Badania początkowego okresu rozwoju pęknięć przeprowadzone za pomocą mikroskopu SEM pozwoliły ustalić miejsce inicjacji pęknięcia i mikromechanizm pękania blachy aluminiowej. Rozwój pęknięć na powierzchni próbek wyciętych z blachy rejestrowano metodą replik. Wykazano duży rozrzut prędkości pękania w przedziale rozwoju małych powierzchniowych pęknięć, który w blachach o grubości 3 mm sięga do 0,5 mm.

EN

The paper deals with mechanism of small crack initiation and growth from a central hole for 2024-T3 Alclad aluminium alloy sheet under cyclic constant amplitude bending (R=0,1). It was established for 3-mm-thick sheet that surface short cracks do not exceed the length of 0,5 mm. Fatigue lifetime that corresponds to this crack length covers 20-25% of total lives of the specimens. The range of crack length was estimated for mechanistically small crack too. The microfacture analysis, made by using SEM microscope, revelated that in cladded sheet the crack source is located beneath a thin Alclad layer at the border with the matrix material. The quasi-cleavage mechanism of cracking was found in the spot of crack initiation as well as in the vicinity of the crack source and in the Alclad layer. This microfracture analysis revealed a complex shape of a crack head in a thin sheet as well.