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An evaluation of anti-terrorism laws in Pakistan: Lessons from the past and challenges for the future

Jawad Ayesha

Security and Defence Quarterly

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2022

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Vol. 38, No. 2

16--30

EN

Terrorism has changed the national and international security milieu over the last few years; however, there have been metamorphoses in the phenomenon of defining security in light of new threats of terrorism. This research critically evaluates the anti-terrorism legal regime of Pakistan along with its structural flaws. While vigorous efforts to defeat terrorism have taken place in Pakistan, much needs to be done to achieve de-radicalisation along with identifying and addressing areas of vulnerability. This research moves in three directions: firstly, it looks into the background of extremism in terms of ethnic and sectarian conflicts that led Pakistan to embark on the journey to combat terrorism; secondly, it evaluates how these laws aimed exclusively at countering terrorism have not been as effective as hoped; and thirdly, it offers an in-depth analysis of flaws in the judicial system and analysis of capacity gaps in relation to prosecution of terrorist offences in Pakistan. Lastly, this research makes recommendations for eliminating the causes of institutional and legal inefficiencies that feed and nurture terrorism in Pakistan. The qualitative method is used in this research, which holds that Pakistan needs to make effective structural changes to implement counterterrorism strategies constructively, such as, capacity-building of judiciary and law enforcement agencies, acceptance of innovation in investigation methods, amendments in procedural laws and comprehensive, unambiguous and detailed legislation. Amendments to existing anti-terrorism laws need to be adapted to the changing security trends in the region. In order to combat the high rate of acquittal under these laws, a strong and focused approach is required.

2

Countering terrorism in the shadows: The role of private security and military companies

Hlouchova Iveta

Security and Defence Quarterly

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2020

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Vol. 31, No. 4

155--169

EN

The article identifies the main features of the PSMCs’ involvement in counterterrorism operations and outlines what their future involvement might look like with its implications for international peace and security. The main methods used to gather data and to draw inferences are a content analysis of relevant primary and secondary sources, and a discourse analysis, used as a method of examining the prevailing discourse surrounding the activities of PSMCs, seeking to understand the level of transparency, accountability and attributability of these actors. So far, the PSMCs’ potential for counterterrorism has not been fully exploited. There are many challenges surrounding the existence and operations of PSMCs, mainly lack of transparency and accountability, the continuous significance of the plausible deniability and political expediency PSMCs provide to nation governments, and an insufficient and inadequate international regulatory and control framework with no sanction or enforcement mechanisms. Most recently, the tendency to re-legitimise PSMCs’ activities can be identified. There will most probably be an expansion of PSMCs’ activities in the near future, as climate change consolidates security as a commodity, not a right. Therefore, there is a renewed urgency for adequate and effective international regulatory and control mechanisms on their activities on the international level.

3

Zagrożenia związane z wykorzystaniem improwizowanych ładunków wybuchowych podczas ataków terrorystycznych - doświadczenia i rekomendacje

Olszewski Piotr

Problemy Techniki Uzbrojenia

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2020

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R. 49, z. 155

63--92

PL

W niniejszej publikacji przedstawiono zagrożenia stwarzane przez ataki terrorystyczne z wykorzystaniem improwizowanych urządzeń wybuchowych. Wyjaśniono podstawowe pojęcia z omawianego obszaru oraz przedstawiono wybrane przykłady ataków terrorystycznych. Przedstawiono opis, statystyki użycia, budowę oraz typy improwizowanych urządzeń wybuchowych. Zaprezentowano rekomendacje dotyczące ograniczania strat w ludziach, zapobieganiu atakom terrorystycznymi oraz dokonano diagnozy możliwych, przyszłych zagrożeń.

EN

This publication describes dangers of acts of terrorism using improvised explosive devices. The basic concepts concerning the main topic were explained and selected examples of terrorist attacks were presented. Publication presents a description, statistics of use, construction and types of improvised explosive devices. Finally, a proposal of reducing human losses, counterterrorism and diagnosing dangers in the future is also presented.

4

Gwardia cywilna : miecz i tarcza Królestwa Hiszpanii

Niedziela S.

Wiedza Obronna

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2017

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nr 1-2

40--49

PL

Autor przedstawia powstanie i działalność hiszpańskiej Gwardii Cywilnej która stoi na straży bezpieczeństwa publicznego. Prezentuje sukcesy i porażki w walce z organizacją ETA oraz prognozuje współczesne zagrożenia które mogą dotknąć społeczeństwo Hiszpanii.

EN

The Guardia Civil is a military force under the authority of both the Ministry of the Interior and the Ministry of Defence. The Corps has been engaged primarily in maintaining order in rural areas and in patrolling the frontiers. Today the Guardia Civil assumed new responsabilities, such as counterterrorism, protection of coasts, cyber and internet crime. At present the Guardia Civil is conducting different missions in Haiti, Bosnia, Gambia, Senegal and Mauritania. In the last thirty years the fight against ETA has attracted the Guardia Civil’s main anti-terrorist efforts.

5

Wzmocnione techniki przesłuchań jako element działań antyterrorystycznych, podejmowanych przez organy demokratycznego państwa prawnego

Karwel J.

Wiedza Obronna

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2016

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nr 1-2

105--124

PL

Autor przez analizę zapisów zawartych w kodeksie karnym, jak i dokumentach z zakresu prawa międzynarodowego, przedstawia niecelowość stosowania wzmocnionych przesłuchań (tortur) wobec zatrzymanych osób podejrzanych o terroryzm. Zwraca uwagę, że takie działania obnażają słabości merytoryczne funkcjonariuszy organów ścigania dokonujących przesłuchań. Przestrzega, że tortury stosowane wobec terrorystów zamieniają się w tortury stosowane wobec domniemanych terrorystów, następnie wobec wrogów społeczeństwa, następnie wobec wrogów władzy i w konsekwencji zawsze miejsce terrorysty zajmuje opozycjonista i zwykły obywatel.

EN

Enhanced interrogation techniques are known to be used by some secret and intelligence services in order to gather information about terrorism activities. Purpose of an article is to answer whether and if so to what extent these techniques could be used as an effective element of combating terrorism in the democratic rule of law state. To answer this research question Author conducts analysis of legal and scientific documents and a study of differences and similarities between Polish and American law and evaluates interrogation process of Aby Zubaydaha and other suspects of terrorism activities.