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Intergrowth of bryozoans with other invertebrates in the Late Pridoli of Saaremaa, Estonia

Vinn Olev, Ernst Andrej, Wilson Mark A., Toom Ursula

Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae

2021

Vol. 91, No. 2

102--111

Nine invertebrates intergrew with bryozoans in the latest Pridoli of Saaremaa, Estonia, namely: cornulitids (Cornulites baranovi and Conchicolites sp.), hydrozoans, rugosans (Tryplasma sp. and Entelophyllum sp.), Anoigmaichnus, microconchids (Tuberoconchus wilsoni), unknown tubicolous organisms and unknown soft-bodied organisms. The most common host of endobionts was Fistulipora przhidolensis, but trepostomes also participated in symbiotic associations. Solitary rugosan-cystoporate and hydrozoan-cystoporate associations were common in the Pridoli of Saaremaa, while other cases of intergrowth are rare. The rugosan-cystoporate, hydrozoan-cystoporate, hydrozoan-trepostome and Anoigmaichnus-cystoporate associations most likely were not a result of accidental intergrowth, whereas other associations presumably resulted from accidental intergrowth of two organisms. New data from the Pridoli of Saaremaa indicate that the Pridoli probably was not a time of lowered symbiosis levels in the regional ecosystem. Symbiosis levels in the Pridoli of Baltica were comparable to those in the Ludlow and Early Devonian worldwide.

Cryptic encrusting fauna inside invertebrate fossils from the Ordovician of Estonia

Vinn O., Ernst A., Toom U., Isakar M.

Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae

2018

Vol. 88, No. 3

285--290

This is the first report of encrusted cryptic surfaces in the Ordovician of Estonia. Only bryozoans and cornulitids occurred in nautiloids and trilobites. Bryozoans were the dominant encrusters, in terms of both the number of specimens and the encrustation area. Stalked echinoderms are common on the hardgrounds in the Middle and Upper Ordovician of Baltica, but the restricted space in nautiloid living chambers and trilobites probably prevented colonization by stalked echinoderms. Cryptic surfaces in nautiloids and trilobites usually are somewhat more encrusted than the open surfaces of hardgrounds in the Ordovician of Estonia. Encrusters presumably favoured cryptic surfaces, as these were less accessible for predators and grazers. Low encrustation densities, compared to North American hard substrates, seem to be characteristic for the Ordovician Baltic Basin.