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1

Fizyka w mikroskali, czyli o kroplach Pickeringa, mikrokapsułkach oraz strukturach liquid marbles

Kubiak Tomasz

Postępy Fizyki

|

2024

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T. 75, z. 2

17--25

PL

Mikrostruktury typu rdzeń-powłoka ze względu na ogromny potencjał aplikacyjny są coraz powszechniej wytwarzane i badane przez fizyków. Szczególne zainteresowanie budzą sferyczne obiekty złożone z ciekłego rdzenia i zaadsorbowanych na jego powierzchni cząstek stałych, które tworzą otoczkę. Tak zbudowane krople Pickeringa, mikrokapsułki oraz struktury liquid marbles zdolne są do bezpiecznego transportowania i kontrolowanego uwalniania substancji aktywnych, w tym leków przeciwnowotworowych. W niniejszym artykule przedstawiono metodę, wykorzystującą pole elektryczne do formowania kropli Pickeringa zarówno z powłoką jednorodną, jak i heterogeniczną (janusową oraz łaciatą). Omówiono również sposób wzmacniania pokrycia wspomnianych kropli w celu uzyskania mikrokapsułek oraz strategię kontrolowanego wyzwalania ich zawartości z wykorzystaniem bodźca ultradźwiękowego. W ostatniej części tekstu przybliżono metody formowania i funkcjonalizowania struktur liquid marbles.

EN

Core-shell microstructures due to their great application potential are increasingly produced and studied by physicists. Spherical objects composed of a liquid core and solid particles adsorbed on its surface and forming a shell are of particular interest. Pickering droplets, microcapsules and liquid marbles that have such a structure are capable of safely transporting and controlled release of active substances, including anticancer drugs. This article presents an electric field based method of forming Pickering droplets both with a homogeneous and heterogeneous (Janus and patchy) coating. The method of strengthening the shells of the mentioned droplets in order to obtain microcapsules and the strategy of controlled release of their content using an ultrasonic stimulus are also discussed. The last part of the text shows the techniques of forming and functionalizing liquid marbles.

2

Encapsulation of hydroxycitronellal in β-cyclodextrin and the characteristics of the inclusion complex

Zhu Guangyong, Xiao Zuobing, Zhou Rujun, Liu Junhua, Zhu Guangxu

Polish Journal of Chemical Technology

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2023

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Vol. 25, nr 1

20--27

EN

Hydroxycitronellal has been widely used in foods, beverages, perfumery and cosmetics. It can also be used to treat anxiety. The major drawbacks regarding the use of hydroxycitronellal are related to water insolubility, volatility, instability, and sensitization. To overcome these concerns, β-cyclodextrin was adopted as wall material to encapsulate hydroxycitronellal in this work. Hydroxycitronellal-β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex was prepared and the product was characterized. The interaction of hydroxycitronellal and β-cyclodextrin, and the assembly of hydroxycitronellal-β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex were investigated by molecular simulation (MM). The results showed that hydroxycitronellal loading capacity was 8.5%. The thermal stability and lastingness of hydroxycitronellal were im-proved by the formation of the inclusion complex. The minimum binding energy was –151.2 kJ/mol. Among the perpendicular, staggered parallel and ideally parallel orientation of the inclusion complexes, the minimum energy value was found for the staggered parallel arrangement. These basic data are useful to understand the interaction between hydroxycitronellal and β-cyclodextrin.

3

Ethylcellulose as a coating material in controlled-release fertilizers

Lubkowski Krzysztof, Smorowska Aleksandra, Sawicka Marta, Wróblewska Elwira, Dzienisz Alicja, Kowalska Małgorzata, Sadłowski Marcin

Polish Journal of Chemical Technology

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2019

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Vol. 21, nr 1

52--58

EN

Ethylcellulose polymer was used as a coating material in the preparation of controlled release fertilizers. The materials have been prepared with the use of an immersion method. The mass ratio of polymer to fertilizer was in the range of 0.165–0.285 and the layer thickness was in the range of 204–244 μm. Mechanical properties of the prepared materials were significantly better in comparison with the initial fertilizer. Measurements of time and the degree of release of mineral components from the obtained materials were determined with a standard method. Ethylcellulose-coated materials have met the requirements of controlled release fertilizers.

4

Coated NPK Fertilizer Based on Citric Acid-Crosslinked Chitosan/Alginate Encapsulant

Mesias Vince St. D., Agu Anne Bernadette S., Benablo Precious Japheth L., Chen Chun-Hu, Penaloza Jr. David P.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2019

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Vol. 20, nr 11

1--12

EN

A coated nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium (NPK) fertilizer was prepared via crosslinking chitosan and alginate using citric acid. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), particle size analysis, and zeta potential measurement showed the successful crosslinking, appropriate size, and colloidal stability of the coated NPK fertilizer. The encapsulation capability of the crosslinked chitosan/alginate (Chi/Alg) was studied using fluorescence spectroscopy and NPK analysis. The release behavior studies under various pH conditions showed that Chi/Alg NPK conformed to the standards of controlled release fertilizer with a maximum release rate of 40% for 30 days. The investigation of the release mechanism using Korsemeyer-Peppas mathematical model showed that the release of nutrients is governed by both coating material relaxation and diffusion process.

5

The comparative study of influence of lactic and glycolic acids copolymers type on properties of daunorubicin loaded nanoparticles and drug release

Nikolskaya E., Sokol M., Faustova M., Zhunina O., Mollaev M., Yabbarov N., Tereshchenko O., Popov R., Severin E.

Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics

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2018

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Vol. 20, no. 1

65--77

EN

The aim of this study was to compare the physico-chemical and biological properties of polymeric nanoparticles obtained from poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) with different ratios of monomers loaded with daunorubicin (DNR). Methods: DNR-loaded nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared with use of modified simultaneous double-emulsion solvent evaporation/diffusion technique. NPs were characterized using dynamic light scattering, atomic force microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Results: NPs with DNR were differing in size and zeta potential, depending on the type of polymer. The data obtained show that total content of DNR correlates with the values of the binding constant of DNR with polymers. The release of DNR from NPs proceeds predominantly for polymers with lower binding constants. The in vitro study of NPs on the MCF-7 cells showed similar activity of particles and substances while for the anthracycline-resistant MCF-7Adr cells the cytotoxicity of the nanoparticles was 3 to 7 times higher depending on the type of copolymer. Conclusions: PLGA DNR-loaded nanoparticles can be used to overcome multidrug resistance (MDR) as well as for reducing the frequency of DNR reception due to the prolonged effect, which allows maintaining the concentration of the drug at the required level. The usefulness of binding constant calculations for obtaining nanoparticles with the maximum drug loading was proven. The rate of drug administration and the frequency of administration can be calculated based on the DNR release profiles and release parameters that depend on polymer type.

6

Preparation of micro-encapsulated strawberry fragrance and its application in the aromatic wallpaper

Xiao Z., Zhang Y., Zhu G., Niu Y., Xue Z., Zhu J.

Polish Journal of Chemical Technology

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2017

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Vol. 19, nr 1

89--94

EN

Micro-encapsulated strawberry fragrance was successfully prepared with wall materials including maltodextrin, sodium octenylsuccinate and gum Arabic. The micro-capsule was added to wallpaper and aromatic wallpaper with strawberry characteristics was obtained. The particle distribution, surface morphology, chemical structure, thermal property and controlled release performance of micro-encapsulated fragrance and aromatic wallpaper were investigated using laser particle size analyzer, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-TR), thermal gravity analysis (TGA) and chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS). The results showed that the average diameter of micro-capsule was 2 μm and the particles mainly distributed in the tissues of wallpaper. The result of TGA showed that the micro-capsule had a good stability. Meanwhile, the aromatic wallpaper had strawberry aroma more than 3 months and took on excellent controlled release performance.

7

Application of nanotechnology in agriculture and food industry, its prospects and risks

Jampílek J., Kráľová K.

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. S

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2015

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Vol. 22, nr 3

321--361

EN

Nanoagrochemicals, such as nanopesticides, nanofertilizers or plant growth stimulating nanosystems, were primarily designed to increase solubility, enhance bioavailability, targeted delivery, controlled release and/or protection against degradation resulting in the reduced amount of applied active ingredients and finally in a decrease of dose-dependent toxicity/burden. This paper is a comprehensive up-to-date review related to the preparation and the biological activity of nanoformulations enabling gradual release of active ingredient into weeds and the body of pests and controlled release of nutrients to plants. The attention is also devoted to the decrease of direct environmental burden and economic benefits due to application of nanoformulations, where less amount of active ingredient is needed to achieve the same biological effect in comparison with bulk. The application of nanotechnology in the areas such as food packaging, food security, encapsulation of nutrients and development of new functional products is analysed. The use of nanoparticles in biosensors for detection of pathogens and contaminants as well as in DNA and gene delivery is discussed as well. Benefits and health risks of nanoagrochemicals are highlighted, and special attention is given to nanoecotoxicology and guidelines and regulatory documents related to the use of nanoformulations in agriculture and food industry.

PL

Nanoagrochemikalia, takie jak nanopestycydy, nanonawozy lub nanosystemy stymulujące wzrost roślin, zostały zaprojektowane przede wszystkim w celu zmniejszenia toksyczności zależnej od dawki, przez redukcję ilości stosowanych związków poprzez zwiększenie rozpuszczalności słabo rozpuszczalnych w wodzie składników aktywnych, ich zwiększoną biodostępność, celowe dostarczanie, kontrolowane uwalnianie i / lub ochronę przed degradacją. W pracy dokonano kompleksowego przeglądu literatury dotyczącej przygotowania i aktywności biologicznej nanopreparatów umożliwiających stopniowe uwalnianie substancji czynnej do chwastów i szkodników oraz kontrolowane uwalnianie składników pokarmowych dla roślin. Zwraca się również uwagę na bezpośrednie korzyści ekonomiczne wynikające ze zmniejszenia obciążenia środowiska naturalnego dzięki zastosowaniu nanopreparatów, gdzie wymagana jest mniejsza ilość składnika czynnego dla osiągnięcia tego samego efektu biologicznego. Przeanalizowano zastosowanie nanotechnologii w takich obszarach, jak opakowania żywności, bezpieczeństwo żywności, enkapsulacja składników odżywczych i rozwój nowych produktów funkcjonalnych. Opisano również zastosowanie nanocząstek w bioczujnikach wykrywających patogeny i zanieczyszczenia, jak również DNA i geny. Podkreślono korzyści i zagrożenia dla zdrowia wynikające ze stosowania nanoagrochemikaliów, znaczenie nanoekotoksykologii i wytycznych oraz dokumentów prawnych związanych z wykorzystaniem nanopreparatów w rolnictwie i przemyśle spożywczym.

8

Polymeric drug carriers—Control of the daily dose and therapy duration

Trusek-Holownia A., Jaworska P.

Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering

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2015

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Vol. 35, no. 3

192--197

EN

This study evaluates the mass release of cyanocobalamin with various drug carriers. Monolithic structures with a liquid core covering a thick (>150 μm) porous, polymer membrane are recommended. Membrane pore size should ensure easy diffusion of the drug molecules. The selection of the carrier's parameters to fit a required daily dose and therapy duration must consider the following criteria: 1′ the determination of its size (geometric surface); 2′ the number of carriers, if more than one is necessary; 3′ the thickness of membrane covering the carrier; and 4′ the mass of the loading drug. An algorithm to select these conjugated parameters to achieve the therapeutic threshold and duration of the drug effect was expanded upon. A system to constantly deliver drugs over days/weeks/months can be maintained if the loaded mass of the drug significantly exceeds its solubility in the carrier's core.

9

Application and evaluation of layered silicate–chitosan composites for site specific delivery of diclofenac

Kevadiya B. D., Rajkumar S., Bajaj H. C.

Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering

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2015

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Vol. 35, no. 2

120--127

EN

The present study focuses on the in situ intercalation of anionic drug (diclofenac sodium, DS) and cationic polymer, Chitosan (CS) in montmorillonite (MMT) for drug release applications. The prepared DS/CS-MMT composites were further compounded with alginate (AL) to form beads to modify release response in gastric juice. The DS/CS-MMT composites were characterized by UV spectroscopy, XRD, FT-IR, TGA and DSC. Antibacterial assay of drug loaded composites was investigated and in vitro cell viability assay results point out the drug encapsulated in clay plates are less toxic to the cell than pristine drug. The in vitro release experiments revealed that the DS was released from DS/CS-MMT/AL in a controlled and pH dependent manner.

10

Sustain release Formulation and Evaluation of Ofloxacin floating delivery system

Patel A. J., Naik D. R., Raval J. R.

International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy

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2014

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Vol. 12

69--83

EN

Floating tablets has been accepted as a process to achieve controlled drug delivery by prolonging the residence time of the dosage form at the site of absorption, thereby improving and enhancing the bioavailability of drug. The objective of present study outlines the development and characterization the floating drug delivery system of Ofloxacin to enhance its bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy, using different grades of polymer along with effervescent agent sodium bicarbonate and citric acid. Ofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic second-generation antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone class. Different tablet formulations were formulated by wet granulation technique and were evaluated for physical parameters like Tablet Thickness, Hardness, % Friability, Weight variation, Content uniformity, In vitro buoyancy, Swelling index, In vitro dissolution study and drug release mechanisms. As the concentration of the polymer in the formulations increased the release of drug decreased. Hence it was considered as suitable candidate for formulation as floating drug delivery system. Different kinetic models were applied to drug release data in order to evaluate release mechanisms and kinetics. The optimized formula F4 showed better sustained drug release with good floating properties and fitted best to be Korsmeyer-Peppas model with R2 value of 0.9575. As the n value for the Korsmeyer- Peppas model was found be more than 0.5 it follows Non-Fickian diffusion mechanism. FTIR result showed that there is no drug excipients interaction.

11

Synthesis and evaluation of effectiveness of a controlled release preparation 2,4-D: a reduction of risk of pollution and exposure of workers

Kowalski W. J., Romanowska I., Smol M., Silowiecki A., Głazek M.

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2012

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Vol. 38, no. 3

119-129

EN

A novel herbicidal controlled release formulation composed of (2,4-dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid (2,4-D) chemically bonded to biodegradable (R,S)-3-hydroxybutyric acid oligomers was investigated. The synthesis of (R,S)-3-hydroxy butyric acid oligomers was carried out via the ring opening polymerization of â-butyrolactone initiated by 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic potassium salt in the presence of complexing agents. The formed oligomers were characterized by size exclusion chromatography, proton magnetic resonance and electrospray mass spectrometry in order to fi nd out their molar mass distribution and molecular structures. An assessment of biological effectiveness of the obtained herbicidal formulation was carried out in the greenhouse vs. Sinapis alba var. Nakielska. A promotion of the controlled release formulation with decreased water solubility and with low vapor pressure of the active ingredient, instead of traditional formulations of 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid may help to ensure a greater safety for workers and reduce the risk of dissemination of the active ingredient in the soil profile.

12

Drug release from hydrogel matrices

Zarzycki R., Modrzejewska Z., Nawrotek K.

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. S

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2010

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Vol. 17, nr 2

117-136

EN

Description of the kinetics of drug release from hydrogels is a domain of steadily increasing academic and industrial importance. The aim of this paper is to review mathematical approaches to drug release from hydrogel matrix devices. In the first section the parameters of hydrogel structure are described. Than the phenomena that influencing resulting drug release are discussed. Finally, mechanisms of physical release and release with chemical reaction are studied. In this section mathematical expression that predicting drug release profiles are described.

PL

Zarówno z naukowego, jak i praktycznego punktu widzenia bardzo ważny jest opis kinetyki uwalniania leków z hydrożeli. Celem tego artykułu jest przegląd opisanych w literaturze modeli matematycznych uwalniania leków z matryc hydrożelowych. W pierwszej części omówiono parametry opisujące strukturę hydrożelu. Następnie opisano zjawiska wpływające na mechanizm uwalniania leków. W ostatniej części przeglądu literatury zostały przedstawione mechanizmy uwalniania. W tej części zebrano wyrażenia matematyczne stosowane do opisu profili uwalniania leków.

13

Procesy adsorpcyjne w tworzeniu hybrydowych układów do kontrolowanego uwalniania preparatów farmaceutycznych

Zarzycki R., Modrzejewska Z., Nawrotek K., Skwarczyńska A.

Chemistry-Didactics-Ecology-Metrology

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2009

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R. 14, NR 1-2

85--94

PL

Przedstawiono możliwości wytwarzania układów hybrydowych do kontrolowanego uwalniania środków farmakologicznych przy wykorzystaniu nośników hydrożelowych i struktury w skali mikro i nano. Szczególną uwagę zwrócono na wytwarzanie takich układów w procesie adsorpcji, korzystając z nośnika chitozanowego. Przedstawiono modele opisujące stan równowagi oraz kinetykę w procesie sorpcji substancji modelowych.

EN

Possibilities of formation of hybrid systems for controlled drug release from hydrogel carriers and structures in micro- and nanoscale are discussed in the study. Attention is focussed on the formation of such systems in the adsorption process from a chitosan carrier. Models which describe the equilibrium state and sorption kinetics of model substances are presented.

14

Obtaining particle powders used for controlled release of drugs through atomization processes

Kula K., Szewczyk K., Ciach T.

Chemical and Process Engineering

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2007

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Vol. 28, z. 4

921-928

EN

Obtaining particle powders used for controlled release of drugs through atomization processes - EHDA and spray drying has been presented in this paper. Polymer and paracetamol solutions in organic solvents have been sprayed and obtained particles have been collected. The size and morphology of collected particles have been analyzed. The influence of the solvent type, polymer additives on particle morphology, as well as drug release rate have been demonstrated.

PL

Przedstawiono metody otrzymywania proszków do kontrolowanego uwalniania leków na drodze atomizacji cieczy oraz suszenia rozpyłowego. Do badań użyto roztworów paracetamolu i polikaprolakto-nu w rozpuszczalnikach organicznych. Badano wpływ metody oraz zastosowanego polimeru na wielkość i morfologię cząstek. Dokonano pomiaru szybkości uwalniania wybranych substancji aktywnych z otrzymanych cząstek.

15

Inteligentne nawozy

Tomaszewska M., Jarosiewicz A.

Chemik

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2006

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Vol. 59, nr 6

328-328

PL

Przedstawiono grupę nawozów określanych mianem preparatów o spowolnionym, kontrolowanym uwalnianiu składników odżywczych (SRF/CRF). Opisano ich klasyfikację i metody produkcji. Szczególną uwagę zwrócono na mechanizmy uwalniania składników odżywczych z poszczególnych grup nawozów. Przedstawiono również zastosowanie nawozów o kontrolowanym uwalnianiu w praktyce oraz różnorodność produktów typu SRF/CRF dostępnych na rynku.

EN

Agrochemicals, described as slow- or controlled-release fertilizers (SRF/ CRF), were presented. The classification and methods for their production was described. Special attention was devoted to the description of a mechanism of the nutrients release. The use of slow- and controlled-release fertilizer in practice and the available types was presented too.

16

Comparison of extraction methods for the determination of fenitrothion residues in fruits and vegetables sprayed with microencapsulated formulations

Likas D.T., Tsiropoulos N.G.

Chemia i Inżynieria Ekologiczna

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2006

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Vol. 13, nr 5

409-417

EN

The use of organophosphate (OP) pesticide fenitrothion is currently increasing due to the ongoing reassessment of the European registration of pesticides that is strongly limiting the use of other OP compounds. Fenitrothion, as microencapsulate formulation (ME), is largely used in the integrated pest management protocols to control insects on cereals, vegetables, fruits and other crops. In order to validate fenitrothion determination methods in crop samples treated with ME formulations, we evaluated the most commonly used sample extraction systems in residues analysis. Five different systems were compared; extraction with ethyl acetate and sodium sulfate (A), extraction with acetone (B), extraction with methanol (C), extraction with cyclohexane (D) and, finally, extraction with acetone and dichloromethane and petroleum ether (E). Evaluation was based on recovery experiments in grape and tomato samples spiked with fenitrothion standard solutions in solvent and with fenitrothion standard solutions of two formulation products (one microencapsulated ME and one emulsified EC) in water. Recoveries and relative standard deviation (RSD) values for each case were calculated after GC-NPD analysis. All samples spiked with EC formulation or with fenitrothion standard solutions gave satisfactory recovery rates (> 75 %) and RSD values (< 11 %) with all the extraction systems used. On the contrary, for samples spiked with the ME formulation solutions, recovery rates (from 22 to 89 %) varied considerably in relation to the extraction system used. The most satisfactory results were obtained when acetone was used for extraction (B and E), alone or at a solvent mixture, whereas methanol (C) and cyclohexane (D) resulted in low recoveries of 43 to 58 % and 22 to 35 %, respectively. This observation was confirmed in field samples of grapes and tomatoes treated with ME or EC fenitrothion formulation, that were extracted with all five extraction procedures and fenitrothion residues were determined by GC-NPD and confirmed by GC-ECD. This effect implies that residue values in fruits and vegetables should be viewed with caution in the case of crops treated with fenitrothion ME formulation and residues extracted with a solvent other than acetone.

PL

Obecnie wzrasta stosowanie pestycydu fosforoorganicznego (OP) z powodu rygorystycznym ograniczeniom w stosowaniu innych pestycydów tej grupy. Fenitrotion - w swojej formie użytkowej (ME) - jest używany w ochronie zbóż, warzyw i owoców. Przedstawiono porównanie pięciu technik ekstrakcyjnych - efektywności procesów ekstrakcji z wykorzystaniem octanu etylu z siarczanem sodu (A), ekstrakcji z wykorzystaniem acetonu (B), metanolu (C), cykloheksanu (D) oraz mieszaniny acetonu, dichlorometanu i eteru naftowego (E) w przypadku próbek winogron i pomidorów zanieczyszczonych znaną ilością wodnych roztworów fenitrotionu (w formie ME oraz w formie emulsji EC). Odzysk i względne odchlenie standardowe (RSD) były obliczane z wyników analiz w układzie GC-NPD. Wartości odzysku (> 75 %) oraz względnego odchylenia standardowego (< 11 °l°) były zadowalające dla wszystkich badanych próbek zanieczyszczanych wzorcowymi roztworami fenitrotionu w formie EC dla wszystkich stosowanych układów. Z drugiej strony, dla próbek zanieczyszczanych za pomocą formy ME, zaobserwowano różnice w wartościach odzysku (22-89 %) w zależności od zastosowanego układu. Najlepsze wyniki stwierdzono, gdy do ekstrakcji stosowano aceton (B oraz E), przy zastosowaniu metanolu (C) i heksanu (D) wartości odzysku wyniosły odpowiednio 43-58 % oraz 22-35 %. Obserwacje te potwierdzono w warunkach rzeczywistych oznaczając zawartość fenitrotionu (ME i EC) przy wykorzystaniu pięciu procedur ekstrakcji oraz GC-NPD (również potwierdza te wyniki GC-ECD).

17

The Application of Temperature-Sensitive Hydrogels to Textiles : A Review of Chinese and Japanese Investigations

Liu B., Hu J.

Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe

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2005

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Vol. 13, no. 6 (54)

45--49

EN

Scientists have made many attempts to develop smart textiles by grafting the copolymerisation of environment-responsive polymers (ERP) onto the surface of fabrics. Among the ERPs used for this purpose, poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide) (PNIPAAm) has attracted considerable attention due to its well-defined lower critical solution temperature (LCST) in an aqueous medium of temperature about 32-34°C, which is close to body temperature. This article summarises recent advances in the application of PNIPAAm and its copolymer hydrogels to temperature-sensitive hygroscopic fabrics, environment-sensitive deodorant fibres and stimuli-sensitive nutrient delivery fabrics. Another temperature sensitive poly(2-ethoxyethyl vinyl ether)/poly(hydroxyethyl vinyl ether) copolymer (EOVE200-HOVE40) is also briefly introduced, with regard to its application in thermally-controlled Vitamin E release.

PL

Naukowcy przeprowadzili wiele prób dla opracowania inteligentnych tekstyliów poprzez kopolimeryzację na powierzchni materiałów polimerów wrażliwych na warunki otoczenia. Z pośród tego rodzaju polimerów na szczególną uwagę zasługuje poli(N-izopropylo- akryloamid) ze względu na jego dokładnie zdefiniowaną dolną krytyczną temperaturę roztworu (LCST) dla wodnych roztworów, która wynosi około 32-34 oC, a więc jest bliska temperaturze ciała człowieka. W artykule podsumowano ostatnie osiągnięcia nad zastosowaniem poli(N-izopropylo-akryloamidu) i jego kopolimerów w postaci hydrożeli do higroskopijnych tkanin i dzianin wrażliwych na temperaturę, włókien zapachowych czułych na oddziaływanie otoczenia oraz materiałów stymulujących szybkość uwalniania odżywek. Skrótowo opisano również inny związek wrażliwy na temperaturę, a mianowicie kopolimer poli(2-etoksyetylo-winylo eteru) i poli(hydroksy-etylo-winylo eteru) (EOVE200-HOVE40), stosowany przy termicznie sterowanym uwalnianiu witaminy E.