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The Impact of Plastic Covers on the Quantitative and Qualitative Indicators of Tomato (Solanum Lycopersicum) Production in the Open Field

Berisha Defrime, Elshani Arsim, Duhanaj Gjokë

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2024

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Vol. 25, iss. 3

38--42

EN

This 2022 study at the Kosovo Agricultural Institute in Peja evaluated innovative tomato cultivation techniques in open-field vegetable production. Five covering methods, including small plastic tunnels with black or transparent plastic mulching, were compared against traditional practices. Results revealed that tunnel variants with plastic mulching demonstrated earlier flowering, fruiting, and harvesting, accelerating early production by 3 to 12 days. Statistical analyses showed significant improvements in total tomato production, emphasizing the techniques’ effectiveness in enhancing productivity, resource efficiency, and weed control. Notably, small tunnels with mulching proved beneficial, with a 26.9% and 28.3% increase in production for black and transparent plastic mulch, respectively. The study suggests future research directions, including long-term sustainability assessments across different tomato varieties. In conclusion, soil mulching and small tunnels are crucial techniques in vegetable cultivation, contributing to increased total production, early production, and resource savings in controlled environment agriculture.

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Analysis of Biodegrability of Degradable/Biodegradable Plastic Material in Controlled Composting Environment

Adamcová D., Vaverková M. D., Mašíček T., Břoušková E.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2016

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Vol. 17, nr 4

1--10

EN

We have obtained eight degradable/biodegradable materials based on starch (certified compostable), sample 4–7, HDPE mixed with totally degradable plastic additive (TDPA), sample 2 and polyethylene with the addition of pro-oxidant additive (d2w), sample 1. Composition of sample 3 has not been reported. The materials have been tested as to the rate and character of their degradability/biodegradability in controlled composting conditions. Experiment explored also the effect of degradation/biodegradation of plastic bags on compost quality. The material of the original samples was subjected to assessment using the Nicolet 6700 FT-IR spectrometer, the outcome thereof was obtaining infrared spectra of the samples. For further specification the original samples were tested using the thermogravimetrical analysis. The texture of the foils at different stages of degradation is presented in the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) photographs. Plastic bags certified as compostable have degraded in laboratory conditions and their degradation had no impact on the quality and features of compost. Selected samples (4, 6) showed significant erosion on surface when subjected to the SEM analysis. Samples labeled (by their producers) as 100% degradable (samples 1, 2, 3) did not show any visual signs of degradation and the process of degradation had no impact on the quality and features of compost. Only one of the samples (sample 1) showed certain erosion of surface when submitted for the SEM analysis.

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Biodegrability of Bioplastic Materials in a Controlled Composting Environment

Vaverková M. D., Adamcová D.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2015

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Vol. 16, nr 3

155--160

EN

The objective of this study was to determine the biodegradability of bioplastic materials – sponge cloths – available on the European market that are labeled as 100% biodegradable but not certified as compostable. The test was carried out in a controlled composting environment. The project length was 22 weeks. The emphasis was put on discovering whether the sponge cloths are biodegradable or not. Based on the results thereof it can be concluded that sponge cloths have not decomposed completely but their color has changed and that degradation and physical changes occurred. Samples A1, and A2 have not decomposed completely and exhibited very slow degradation rate. Sample B5 exhibited the highest degradation rate. Samples B3, B4 exhibited high degree of decomposition. The main conclusion from this study is that biodegradation of bioplastics materials strongly depends on both the environment in which they are placed and the chemical nature of the material.

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The effect of biodegradation/degradation of degradable plastic material on compost quality

Adamcová D., Toman F., Vaverková M., Kotovicová J.

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. S

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2013

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Vol. 20, nr 4

783--798

EN

The objective of this study was to find out whether the quality of compost would change during the process of composting carrier bags claimed by manufacturers as compostable or biodegradable in terms of parameters stipulated in the standard ČSN 46 5735 Industrial composts. Eight samples were subjected to the composting process in laboratory conditions. The compost samples were analyzed in the accredited laboratory. All samples met parameters stipulated for Class II. Seven samples of the eight met parameters stipulated in the standard ČSN 46 5735 for Class I. The samples had no influence on compost characteristics: strength, content of water and salt, pH value, content of nutrients or proportion of organic substances; other components of the compost remained unchanged. Optical changes of the compost did not occur either.

PL

Celem badań było określenie wpływu procesu kompostowania „jednorazowych” plastikowych toreb dostępnych na rynku, które są oznaczone jako biodegradowalne/degradowalne, jak również toreb certyfikowanych jako nadające się do kompostu, na jakość kompostu oraz dotrzymania wymagań określonych w normie CSN 46 5735 Komposty przemysłowe. Osiem próbek poddano procesowi kompostowania w warunkach laboratoryjnych. Próbki powstałego kompostu analizowano w akredytowanym laboratorium. Wszystkie próbki spełniały parametry określone w normie dla klasy II. Siedem z ośmiu próbek spełniało parametry określone w normie CSN 46 5735 dla klasy I. Próbki poddane recyklingowi organicznemu nie miały wpływu na właściwości kompostu: konsystencję, zawartość wody i soli, wartość pH, zawartość składników odżywczych lub stosunek substancji organicznych; składniki kompostu pozostały niezmienione. Nie zaobserwowano także zmian w wyglądzie kompostu.

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Study of the Biodegrability of Degradable/Biodegradable Plastic Material in a Controlled Composting Environment

Vaverková M., Toman F., Adamcová D., Kotovicová J.

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. S

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2012

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Vol. 19, nr 3

347-358

EN

The objective of this study was to determine the degrability/biodegradability of disposable plastic bags available on the market that are labeled as degradable/biodegradable and those certified as compost. The investigated materials were obtained from chain stores in the Czech Republic and Poland. Seven kinds of bags (commercially available) were used in this study. One of them was a disposable bag made of HDPE and mixed with totally degradable plastic additive (TDPA additive). Another was a disposable made of polyethylene with the addition of pro-oxidant additive (d2w additive). One was labeled as 100% degradable within various periods of time, from three months up to three years, and four were certified as compostable. The test was carried out in a controlled composting environment. The biodisintegration degree of the obtained pieces was evaluated following a modified version of ČSN EN 14806 Norm ‘‘Packaging - Preliminary evaluation of the disintegration of the packaging materials under simulated composting conditions in a laboratory scale test” and a modified version of ČSN EN ISO 20200 “Plastics - Determination of the degree of disintegration of plastic materials under simulated composting conditions in laboratory-scale test” (ISO 20200:2004). The emphasis was put on determination whether the bags are degradable/biodegradable or not.

PL

Celem badań było określenie degradacji/biodegradacji „jednorazowych” plastikowych toreb dostępnych na rynku, które są oznaczone jako degradowalne/biodegradowalne, jak również toreb certyfikowanych jako nadające się do kompostowania. Badane materiały są dostępne w sieci sklepów w Czechach oraz w Polsce. Badaniu poddano siedem próbek. Jedną z nich była jednorazowa torba wykonana z folii HDPE ( polietylenu łatwo degradowalnego) z dodatkiem TDPA (powodującego całkowitą degradację folii polietylenowej). Badano też torby wykonane z różnymi dodatkami, co powodowało ich rozkład w określonym czasie. Testy zostały przeprowadzone w kontrolowanych warunkach kompostowania. Stopień rozkładu określono za pomocą zmodyfikowanej wersji normy ČSN EN 14806 „Opakowania - Ocena wstępna rozpadu materiałów opakowaniowych w symulowanych warunkach kompostowania w badaniach w skali laboratoryjnej” oraz zmodyfikowanej wersji normy ČSN EN ISO 20200 „Tworzywa sztuczne - Oznaczanie stopnia rozpadu tworzyw sztucznych w symulowanych warunkach kompostowania w skali laboratoryjnej” (ISO 20200:2004). Głównym celem badań było określenie, czy jednorazowe torby ulegają degradacji/biodegradacji czy nie.