The paper presents the study of polymer composites on epoxy resin matrix, polymerized in the environment of a constant magnetic field. The composites contained admixtures of various forms of cellulose – microcrystalline cellulose and cellulose from waste hemp straw fibers – in an amount ranging from 10 to 30 wt%. Changes in the mechanical properties due to the effect of a constant magnetic field with a magnetic induction value of B = 0.5 T. The composites additionally contained magnetic particles in the form of carbonyl iron, in the amount of 10 wt%.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono badania kompozytów polimerowych na osnowie żywicy epoksydowej, które polimeryzowały w środowisku stałego pola magnetycznego. Kompozyty zawierały domieszki w postaci różnych form celulozy, w ilości od 10 do 30 % mas. Była to celuloza mikrokrystaliczna oraz celuloza z odpadowych włókien słomy konopnej. Obserwowano zmiany właściwości mechanicznych na skutek działania stałego pola magnetycznego o wartości indukcji magnetycznej B = 0.5 T. Kompozyty zawierały dodatkowo cząstki magnetyczne w postaci żelaza karbonylkowego, w ilości 10 % mas.
The electrochemical deposition of Co-Ni coatings on gold-disc electrode with and without of constant magnetic field (CMF) has been investigated using cyclic voltammetry (CV), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The EDX results showed that CMF applied during the electrodeposition of Co-Ni coatings affects their composition. In particular, an increase by 17% in the content of cobalt in coating, i.e. the main component, with a simultaneous decrease of nickel content has been observed when magnetic induction B of 1200 mT was applied compare to this without of CMF. Moreover, it has been supposed that the increase of internal stresses in electrodeposited Co-Ni coatings under CMF can be attributed to a decrease in their thickness.
The article deals with effect the use of organic (biohumus) and mineral (biochar) fertilizers based on the products of chicken vital activity on changing the fertility of technogenic sod-podzolic soils exposed to constant and unstable magnetic fields. The germination and growth dynamics of grasses and onions were investigated. The rational rate of introduction of the studied fertilizers into the technogenic soil is determined. Running (RMF) and direct (DMF) magnetic fields were applied in two ways: with fertilizers added and without fertilizers added. It has been established that the effect of preliminary magnetization of technogenic soil has a significant effect on lawn grass germination and the length of onion feathers, which are more than twice the height when exposed to the RMF, as compared with DMF. The effect of RMF on grass germination was also twice as high for DMF, when fertilizers were added. The DMF magnetization and biohumus helps to increase the grass sprout height by 10–20%. Onion sprouts were higher in two cases: DMF and biohumus; RMF and biochar. The influence of the factor of fertilizer type has a significant effect in 30–40% of cases, whilst at a spread rate of more than 5%, significant chemical activity of biochar negatively affects the germination of both grass and onion.
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Celem prowadzonych badań było określenie wpływu zastosowania stałego pola magnetycznego na efektywność fermentacji metanowej komunalnych osadów ściekowych. Stwierdzono istotny wpływ tego czynnika fizycznego na skład jakościowy biogazu. Największą wydajność produkcji metanu na poziomie 431±22 dm3CH4/kg s.m.o. oraz jego procentową zawartość wynoszącą 66,1±1,9% stwierdzono w wariancie, w którym czas zatrzymania w obszarze oddziaływania pola magnetycznego wynosił 144 min/doba. Najniższe efekty zanotowano, gdy czas zatrzymania w polu magnetycznym wynosił 432 min/doba. W wariacie tym uzyskano 54,8±1,9% zawartość CH4 w biogazie.
EN
The aim of the study was to determine the effect of the application of a constant magnetic field on the efficiency of methane fermentation of municipal sewage sludge. A significant influence of this physical factor on the qualitative composition of biogas was found. The highest methane production efficiency at the level of 431±22 dm3CH4/kg o.d.m. and its percentage content of 66.1±1.9% was found in the variant where the retention time in the area of the magnetic field impact was 144 min/ day. The lowest effects were observed when the retention time in the magnetic field was 432 min/ day. In this variant, the 54,8±1,9% CH4 in the biogas was obtained.
Modyfikacje profilu produkcji w zakładach przemysłowych wpływają bezpośrednio na zmiany w ilości oraz składzie powstających ścieków. W związku z tym istnieje konieczność ciągłego poszukiwania nowych i skutecznych metod intensyfikujących usuwanie i neutralizację zanieczyszczeń. Przeprowadzone do tej pory badania pozwalają sądzić, iż czynnikiem pozytywnie wpływającym na różnego rodzaju jednostkowe procesy oczyszczania ścieków jest stałe pole magnetyczne (SPM). Celem badań było określenie wpływu stałego pola magnetycznego (SPM) o indukcji 0,6T na efektywność usuwania związków biogennych ze ścieków mleczarskich w reaktorach typu SBR. Badania przeprowadzono w warunkach laboratoryjnych, w dwóch wariantach różniących się obciążeniem osadu czynnego ładunkiem zanieczyszczeń. W trakcie badań udowodniono, iż zastosowanie SPM sprzyjało procesowi usuwania związków biogennych, choć znaczenie tego czynnika w większości wariantów nie było istotne. Niezależnie od wariantu eksperymentu obserwowano bardzo wysoką skuteczność usuwania związków azotu i fosforu z testowanych ścieków mleczarskich.
EN
Modifications to the profile of production in factories directly affect the changes in the amount and composition of the resulting wastewater. Therefore, there is a continued search for new and effective methods for to intensify the removal of pollutants and neutralization. The studies conducted so far suggest that a constant magnetic field (CMF) constitutes a positive factor for various unit processes of wastewater treatment. The objective of the study was to determine the effect of a constant magnetic field (CMF) with the induction of 0.6T on the removal efficiency of nutrients from dairy wastewater in SBRs. Tests were performed under laboratory conditions, in two variants, different load of activated sludge and impurities. During the research, it was proven that the use of CMF was conducive to the elimination of biogenic compounds, although the significance of this factor in the majority of variants was not significant. Regardless of the variant of the experiment, a very high efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus removal from the tested dairy wastewater was observed.
The aim of this study was to determine the possibility of degradation of formaldehyde in the effluents from the timber industry with Fenton's reagent. Effluent from the timber industry are characterized by a high concentration of organic compounds and formaldehyde as an obstacle to the purification of wastewater using microorganisms and therefore an alternative to biological methods is the use of solutions based on chemical methods. In recent years, considerable attention is given to testing and implementation of the so-called advanced oxidation methods (Advanced Oxidation Processes - AOPs). A common feature of these systems is that they allow the generation of highly reactive hydroxyl radicals OH center dot with 2,8 V oxidation potential, which react with almost all organic compounds. Fast-paced distribution of impurities, versatility and high efficiency make advanced oxidation methods are now increasingly considered as a promising alternative compared to conventional methods, techniques, wastewater and sludge treatment Wastewater used in the study came from the wood of an industrial plant where the business is the manufacture of chipboard. The study was conducted in three phases with different type of chemical reactants introduced into the technological system. In the first stage reactor was dosed only iron ions Fe3+, H2O2 in the second stage, while the third part of an experiment to test the Fenton reagent treatment was introduced Fe3+ /H2O2. Each stage is divided into five variants. The criterion for division of the variants was the dose of chemical reagents. The study confirmed the applicability of advanced oxidation technologies based on Fenton's reagent in the process of degradation of formaldehyde. It was found that the efficiency of removal of contaminants from wastewater was directly connected with the dose of chemical reagents introduced into the technological system. It was also noted that increasing the dose above the Fenton reagent Fe3+ 0,3 g /l and 3,0 g H2O2/l does not significantly affect the final results of the purification process. The highest results were obtained in the technology used in doses of 0,3 g Fe 3+/l and 3,0 g H2O2 /l to 0,6 g Fe3+/l and 6,0 g H2O2/l. Limiting values of COD in the experimental variants was approximately 70,0% while the concentration of formaldehyde close to 60,0%. If dispensing the water only Fe3+ ions obtained the highest efficiency and reduce the COD concentration of formaldehyde was 28,3% sequentially and 14,5%. The final concentrations of the analyzed indicators of pollution, if only H2O2 dosing were similar to their concentrations in raw wastewater.
W artykule opisane zostały główne źródła pola magnetostatycznego w przestrzeni związanej z codzienną działalnością człowieka, Jak również w miejscach pracy i podczas wykonywania badań medycznych. Podano orientacyjne wartości natężeń tych pól lub gęstości strumienia magnetycznego (indukcji magnetycznej). W centrum uwagi znalazły się efekty biologicznofizyczne w ciele człowieka, powodowane właśnie istnieniem stałego pola magnetycznego. Przedstawiony materiał jest kontynuacją tematyki oddziaływań pól elektromagnetycznych na organizm ludzki publikowanej w "Śląskich Wiadomościach Elektrycznych" w roku 2007 i 2008.
EN
The main sources of magnetostatic field in the space related to the everyday human activities as well as in workplaces and during medical examinations have been described in the paper. Some approximate values of these fields intensity or magnetic flux density (magnetic induction) have been given. Biological and physical effects in the human body brought about by the existing constant magnetic field have been in the centre of attention. The presented material is a continuation of the subject natter concerning the influence of electromagnetic field on the human body published in the "Silesian Electrical Journal" in the years 2007 and 2008.
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