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1

Multi-Party Persuasion : a Paraconsistent Approach

Dunin-Kęplicz B., Powała A.

Fundamenta Informaticae

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2018

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Vol. 158, nr 1/3

1--39

EN

Some conflicts appearing in multi-agent settings may be resolved via communication. In this paper, besides conflicts of opinions, paradigmatically resolved by a persuasion dialogue, we study semantically deeper conflicts reaching to motivations of opinions. This investigation led us to discerning deep persuasion dialogues aiming at the resolution of conflicting motivations of opinions. In our overall research program we focus on realistic modeling of agency. This includes a proper representation of agents' ignorance and inconsistencies, appearing in their informational stance. Therefore, our formal framework TalkLOG, designed to provide and embed different forms of dialogues, employs a 4-valued logic with two additional logical values, unknown and inconsistent. Within TalkLOG soundness and completeness of persuasion was proved by comparing the outcomes of the persuasion dialogues performed by n-agents with the outcomes obtained by merging knowledge of these n agents. In this context the key point was a proper construction of this merge operator. Another critical issue is complexity of agents' communication, which is typically interleaved with reasoning in the context of multi-agent or autonomous systems. In TalkLOG tractability of both aspects is obtained thanks to the implementation tool: rule-based 4-valued query language 4QL.

2

Betweenness, Łukasiewicz Rough Inclusions, Euclidean Representations in Information Systems, Hyper-granules and Conflict Resolution

Polkowski L. T., Nowak B.

Fundamenta Informaticae

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2016

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Vol. 147, nr 2/3

337--352

EN

In this work, we approach the problem of data analysis from a new angle: we investigate a relational method of separation of data into disjoint sub–data employing a modified betweenness relation, successfully applied by us in the area of behavioral robotics, and, we set a scheme for applications to be studied. The effect of the action by that relation on data is selection of a sub–data, say, ‘kernel’ with the property that each thing in it is a convex combination, in a sense explained below, of some other things in the kernel. One can say that kernel thus exhibited is ‘self–closed’. Algorithmically, this is achieved by means of a new construct, called by us a ‘dual indiscernibility matrix’. On the other hand, the complement to kernel consists of things in the data, which have some attribute values not met in any other thing. It is proper to call this complement to kernel the residuum. We examine both the kernel and the residuum from the point of view of quality of classification into decision classes for a few standard data sets from the UC Irvine Repository finding the results very satisfactory. Conceptually, our work is set in the framework of rough set theory and rough mereology and the main tool in inducing of the betweenness relation is the Łukasiewicz rough inclusion. Apart from the classification problem, we propose some strategies for conflict resolution based on concepts introduced in this work, and in this way we continue conflict analysis in rough set framework initiated by Zdzisław Pawlak.

3

Public diplomacy of the United States of America in Afghanistan

Kornacka M.

Studia Bezpieczeństwa Narodowego

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2014

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R. 4, Nr 5

113--129

EN

The United States failed to prevent the terrorist attacks of September 11th despite its super-power status and great potential. The severe response to the attacks - interventions in Afghanistan and Iraq - did not provide a sense of security to the Americans. Moreover, these actions resulted in the loss of popularity and credibility of the United States throughout the world, especially within Muslim populations. This article provides background on the U.S. public diplomacy efforts in Afghanistan, presents a brief overview of tools used to win “hearts and minds” of Afghans as well as recommendations and conclusions concerning the conduct of public diplomacy in Afghanistan beyond 2014.

PL

Stanom Zjednoczonym nie udało się zapobiec atakom terrorystycznym 11 września pomimo statusu supermocarstwa oraz ogromnego potencjału. Zdecydowana odpowiedź na ataki - w postaci interwencji w Afganistanie i Iraku - nie zapewniła Amerykanom poczucia bezpieczeństwa. Co więcej, działania te przyczyniły się do utraty przez Stany Zjednoczone popularności i wiarygodności na całym świecie, a w szczególności wśród społeczeństw muzułmańskich. W artykule poddano analizie działania USA z zakresu dyplomacji publicznej w Afganistanie i ich uwarunkowania, dokonano przeglądu instrumentów używanych do wygrania „serc i umysłów” Afgańczyków oraz przedstawiono wnioski i rekomendacje dotyczące prowadzenia dyplomacji publicznej w Afganistanie po 2014 roku.

4

Synergy of piloted, remotely piloted and unmanned air systems in single air navigation space

Kharchenko V. P, Chepizhenko V., Pavlova S.

Logistics and Transport

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2013

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Vol. 18, No. 2

77--84

EN

A synergistic approach to the organization of autonomous free flight operation of manned, remotely piloted and unmanned vehicles in modern air navigation space is presented in this article. The conditions for the implementation autonomy properties of the flight crew activity to resolve the conflicts with other aircraft are considered.

5

Emocje w relacjach interpersonalnych a rozwiązywanie konfliktów

Gurmińska K.

Nowoczesne Systemy Zarządzania

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2012

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T. 7, nr 1

225--234

EN

The main aim of this article is to locate emotions in a situation of conflict. It presents how emotions affect peoples in conflicts, in areas such as perception, memory, attention, thinking. There are different methods of dealing with emotions in situation of conflict. People are conscious and unconscious in situation of conflict concerned sources of conflicts, subjects, process and resolutions.

6

Komunikacja społeczna oraz zarządzanie konfliktami interpersonalnymi jako metody kształtowania relacji w strukturze organizacyjnej

Grunt D.

Nowoczesne Systemy Zarządzania

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2010

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T. 5, nr 1

241--252

EN

The purpose of communication is to transmit certain information that is necessary in everyday life. Communicating in other words is informing, influencing someone, disclosing our feelings, cooperation. We can distinguish the following elements in the structure of the communication process: message, code, channel of communication, information gap, noise, feedback and reference frame. Sender in a process of communication is a person aware of the need to communicate a particular message. This entity in an organization is a person who has the information. Receiver is a person to whom the message is directed. Communicating is carried out via symbols. Thus decoding is about converting the information into symbols. By decoding the message the receiver tries to read it correctly. Then there is the specific receipt of the message. Another element of the communication process is a channel for transmitting signals from the source of information to the addressee. There is also an information gap in the process of communication. It can be divided into the gap of hope with which the receiver agrees hoping to receive more information in order to eliminate it, and the gap of disagreement that is the difference in the content of the information the receiver does not agree with. The last element is feedback. This is nothing but a Receiver’s reaction to the Senders message. In case when there is no feedback, we deal with informing. Feedback is a prerequisite for effective communication. The process of communication is one of the elements forming the relations in the group in the frame of organizational structure. Managing such a group has many advantages provided that it is well-considered and efficiently done. Similarly to the individual relations, the group relations may have a formal nature, for example in order to implement a certain action, or an informal nature, basing on the actual shared interests of its members. We can also deal with a conflict in an organization. It occurs when an individual or a group seeks to achieve a certain goal, while the other individual or group tries to prevent it. In classical terms a conflict in the workplace is a discrepancy of the purposes, values and benefits. Interpersonal conflict is experienced by everyone when their beliefs and values are incompatible with each other, or when too much information hinders them to make a decision. Those conflicts additionally make it harder to make even the simplest of decisions. Work environment is often characterised by different kinds of destructive conflicts, which have negative consequences. They include: decrease in self-esteem, deterioration of physical and psychological welfare, as well as loss of confidence. Intensification of difficulties in the action largely depends on the nature of the conflict, its significance and duration. The course of the conflict largely depends on the individual character traits of the people involved. Only few people are able to react without emotion to the conflict. Most, however, is frustrated when there is an obstacle while they pursue the objective, the identification of the conflict, examining its sources and destructive influence on an individual or a group allow taking steps in order to restrict or suppress it. the conflict may be resolved successfully only when both Parties feel encouraged to do so. The belief of one Party that it is not responsible for the present situation and that the effort should be made by the other Party may be the reason for the lack of motivation to reconcile. Also the belief that it may cause losses may be the reason for hindering changes. That is why one of the basis to terminate a conflict is to understand that a long-term conflict entails a mutual loss in the form of huge energy resources which instead of in work are used in continuous fights.

7

Systematic decision making process for identifying the contradictions to be tackled by TRIZ to accomplish product innovation

Mizuyama H., Ishida K.

Journal of Automation Mobile Robotics and Intelligent Systems

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2007

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Vol. 1, No. 4

21-29

EN

This paper presents a systematic decision making process for accomplishing product innovation in accordance with the target quality, i.e. the target values and relative weights of the relevant quality characteristics of the product to be developed, with the help of TRIZ (the Russian abbreviation of the theory of inventive problem solving). Since TRIZ methodology deems innovation as resolving a contradiction, the proposed approach first reveals the contradictions that block the target quality from being reached, based on the engineering solutions that the current base product employs and the phenomena that take place while the base product is performing its function. Then, the approach structures the contradictions and distinguishes the causal conflicts from the resultant ones. It also calculates the criticality of each causal conflict according to the relationships with the quality characteristics. These steps make it possible to properly highlight the focus of innovation within the whole function and mechanism structure of the base product. The proposed method is described using a die-casting machine as an illustrative example, and the example confirms that some innovative conceptual design solutions can be successfully derived through the proposed decision making process.

8

Approaches to Conflict Dynamics Based on Rough Sets

Ramanna S., Peters J.F., Skowron A.

Fundamenta Informaticae

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2007

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Vol. 75, nr 1-4

453-468

EN

Conflict analysis and conflict resolution play an important role in negotiation during contract-management situations in many organizations. The issue here is how to model a combination of complex situations among agents where there are disagreements leading to a conflict situation, and there is a need for an acceptable set of agreements. Conflict situations also result due to different sets of view points about issues under negotiation. The solution to this problem stems from pioneering work on this subject by Zdzisaw Pawlak, which provides a basis for a complex conflict model encapsulating a decision system with complex decisions. Several approaches to the analysis of conflicts situations are presented in this paper, namely, conflict graphs, approximation spaces and risk patterns. An illustrative example of a requirements scope negotiation for an automated lighting system is presented. The contribution of this paper is a rough set-based requirements scope determination model and assessment mechanisms using a complex conflict model.

9

Multi-agent utility theory for ethical conflict resolution

Tamura H.

Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology

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2002

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nr 3

37-39

EN

In this paper we try to construct a two-attribute group disutility function for two conflicting decision makers, taking into account the property of utility independencev and/or convex dependence between them. Two variables in the group utility function are disutility levels of two conflicting decision makers. The disutility level of each decision maker is modeled using multiple attributes, that is disutility function of each decision maker is formulated as a multi-attribute disutility function. By using a group disutility function for two conflicting agents, we can model the mutual concessions of the two conflicting agents taking into account ethical preference of each decision maker, and hence we can expect fairer multiple agents decision making for realizing better social welfare.