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1

The effect of important parameters on the natural gas vehicles driving range

Farzaneh-Gord M., Rahbari H.R., Nikofard H.

Polish Journal of Chemical Technology

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2012

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Vol. 14, nr 4

61-68

EN

One of the most important issues regarding Natural Gas Vehicles (NGVs) is the Driving Range, chich is defi ned as capability of a NGV to travel a certain distance after each refueling. The Driving Range is a serious obstacle in the development and growth of NGVs. Thus the necessity of studying the effects of various parameters on the Driving Range could be realized. It is found that the on-board storage capacity and the natural gas heating value have the greatest effect on the Driving Range. The charge mass of NGV cylinders is varied due to the natural gas composition and the fi nal in-cylinder values (temperature and pressure). Underfi lling of NGV cylinders, during charging operations, is a result of the elevated temperature which occurs in the NGV storage cylinder, due to compression and Rother processes could be overcome by applying extensive over-pressurization of the cylinder during the fuelling operation. Here, the effects of the most important parameters on the Driving Range have been investigated. The parameters are natural gas composition, engine effi ciency and fi nal NGV on-board in-cylinder temperature and pressure. It is found that, the composition has big effects on the Driving Range. The results also show that as fi nal in-cylinder pressure decreases (or temperature increases), the Driving Range will be increased.

2

Simultaneous synthesis-immobilization of nano ZnO on perlite for photocatalytic degradation of an azo dye in semi batch packed bed photoreactor

Khani A., Sohrabi M.R.

Polish Journal of Chemical Technology

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2012

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Vol. 14, nr 4

69-76

EN

A novel, simple and simultaneous synthesis-immobilization of nano ZnO on perlite (nZnO-P) as a photocatalyst for photocatalytic degradation of Acid orange 7 (AO7) in aqueous solution was investigated. The effect of operational parameters such as initial dye concentration, initial pH, flow rate, photocatalyst granule size, temperature and the kinetic of the removal of AO7 in terms of the Langmuir-Hinshelwood model in a designed semi batch packed bed photoreactor connected to an on-line sampling UV-Vis spectrophotometer was studied. The results showed that AO7 removal efficiency increased with nZnO-P using the designed setup and the proposed photocatalyst was more efficient than TiO2 as a standard catalyst. Our results confirmed the pseudo-first-order kinetics model. The values of the adsorption equilibrium constant, KAO7, the kinetic rate constant of surface reaction, kc, and the activation energy (Ea) were found to be 0.57 (mg.l-1)-1, 0.41 mg.l-1.min-1 and 11.44 kJ/mol, respectively.

3

Emission of a dual-fuel thrbocharged compression ignition engine

Różycki A.

Archives of Transport

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2011

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Vol. 23, iss. 4

531-540

EN

The paper describes the results of a four-cylinder dual fuel turbocharged compression ignition engine. The aim of the study was to determine the maximum CNG share in thefuel mixture delivered into the cylinder. Analysis of the investigation results showed that the CNG energy share in the fuel charge delivered into the cylinder can reach 45%. At that level of CNG energy share a 15% reduction in maximum torque is achieved in comparison with the standard fuelling. The unburnt hydrocarbon emission increases significantly. Emissions of other principal pollutants reach values comparable with those obtained at standard fuelling.

PL

W artykule opisano wyniki badań pełnogabarytowego dwupaliwowego czterocylindrowego turbodoładowanego silnika o zapłonie samoczynnym. Badania miały na celu ustalenie maksymalnego udziału paliwa CNG w mieszance dostarczanej do cylindra silnika. Analiza wyników badań wykazała, że udział energetyczny CNG w ładunku dostarczanym do cylindra może wynosić maksymalnie 45%. Przy takim poziomie udziału CNG uzyskuje się 15% zmniejszenie momentu maksymalnego w stosunku do zasilania fabrycznego. Znacznemu zwiększeniu ulega emisja niespalonych węglowodorów. Stężenia pozostałych głównych składników spalin osiągają wartości na poziomie emitowanym przez silnik zasilany fabrycznie.

4

Analysis of performances of a dual-fuel turbocharged compression ignition engine

Różycki A.

Journal of KONES

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2010

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Vol. 17, No. 3

393-399

EN

The paper describes research work on a full-scale dual-fuel 4-cylinder turbocharged compression ignition engine. Compressed natural gas (CNG) was applied as the main fuel. Selfignition of the air-fuel mixture was initiated from a diesel oil dose injected by a common rail system. The research was aimed to establish maximum CNG share in the mixture delivered into the cylinder. An excessive CNG share may result in "hard" engine operation. It may also lead to the occurrence of vibrations of piston-crank construction parts resulting in failure of this mechanism. These vibrations may originate from knocking combustion (selfignition of the air-fuel mixture in the zone of non-combusted mixture) or vibration excitation as a result of rapid pressure rise after selfignition. Boundary values of the CNG energy share were determined by analysing parameters related to the rate of pressure rise and rate of heat release as well as the engine head vibration amplitude represented by the voltage signal generated by the knock sensor. Boundary values of the above mentioned parameters were determined on the basis of measurements done on the engine fuelled in a standard mode. These parameters were registered at operating points corresponding to the maximum power and load. Then, there were done measurements of basic engine operating parameters at dual fuelling in chosen points of the load characteristic for the engine speed at which the engine fuelled in a standard mode had maximum torque. Load characteristics were done for three various diesel oil doses (constant over the whole range of engine load). Load changes were realized by changes ofCNG energy share in the fuel charge. Analysis of combustion process parameters and engine head vibrations showed that CNG energy share may reach 60%. Maximum torque is possible to obtain at 45% CNG energy share. 15% decrease of maximum torque was obtained.

5

Analise of selected systems cng supply of city buses engine

Cygnar M., Jakóbiec J., Budzik G.

Journal of KONES

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2006

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Vol. 13, No. 3

47-52

EN

This paper presents analyze of selected solutions of compressed natural gas (CNG) supply systems in powering the bus. They are shown solutions of supply with normal inhaust pressure and with turbocharger using. Modern CNG supply systems are equip by computer systems for bus and engine process control. The major reason of CNG usage is an environmental aspect of the engine operation, since the CNG powered engines are much more environment friendly than the Diesel ones, which are widely used at the moment in such application as bus communication. The CNG combustion produces much less NOx and CO emissions and enables to comply EURO II and EURO III requirements. The major benefit of the CNG application in the city transportation is a reduction of air contamination within the city borders (and outside). Another advantage is the fact that natural gas is less expensive than diesel oil, which makes its application more economical.

PL

Artykuł przedstawia analizę wybranych rozwiązań układów zasilania CNG dla autobusów komunikacji miejskiej. Przedstawione zostały rozwiązania układów zasilania i sterowania silników produkowanych seryjnie atmosferycznych oraz turbodoładowanych. Zapewnienie optymalnego przebiegu procesu spalania i spełnienie norm emisji wymaga stosowania zespolonych układów sterowania silnikiem i pojazdem. Głównym powodem zasilania silników CNG jest zmniejszenie emisji substancji szkodliwych w stosunku do emisji silników wysokoprężnych, które są obecnie szeroko stosowane w autobusach komunikacji miejskiej. Zastosowanie silników zasilanych CNG pozwala na spełnienie norm EURO II i EURO III. Jest to szczególnie istotne w przypadku transportu miejskiego, gdzie stężenie substancji szkodliwych jest duże zarówno w środkach komunikacji, jak i na zewnątrz. Kolejną zaletą stosowanie zasilania CNG jest cena gazu zdecydowanie niższa niż oleju napędowego.

6

Stacja tankowania sprężonego gazu ziemnego w Rzeszowie, doświadczenia Oddziału Zakładu Gazowniczego w Rzeszowie w rozwoju rynku CNG

Janas W.

Wiadomości Naftowe i Gazownicze

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2005

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R. 8, Nr 5-6 (85-86)

35-36