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4 Journal of Language Modelling

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Implementing Natural Language Inference for comparatives

Haruta Izumi, Mineshima Koji, Bekki Daisuke

Journal of Language Modelling

2022

Vol. 10, No.1

139--191

This paper presents a computational framework for Natural Language Inference (NLI) using logic-based semantic representations and theorem-proving. We focus on logical inferences with comparatives and other related constructions in English, which are known for their structural complexity and difficulty in performing efficient reasoning. Using the so-called A-not-A analysis of comparatives, we implement a fully automated system to map various comparative constructions to semantic representations in typed first-order logic via Combinatory Categorial Grammar parsers and to prove entailment relations via a theorem prover. We evaluate the system on a variety of NLI benchmarks that contain challenging inferences, in comparison with other recent logic-based systems and neural NLI models.

Graded hyponymy for compositional distributional semantics

Bankova D., Coecke B., Lewis M., Marsden D.

Journal of Language Modelling

2018

Vol. 6, No. 2

225--260

The categorical compositional distributional model of natural language provides a conceptually motivated procedure to compute the meaning of a sentence, given its grammatical structure and the meanings of its words. This approach has outperformed other models in mainstream empirical language processing tasks, but lacks an effective model of lexical entailment. We address this shortcoming by exploiting the freedom in our abstract categorical framework to change our choice of semantic model. This allows us to describe hyponymy as a graded order on meanings, using models of partial information used in quantum computation. Quantum logic embeds in this graded order.

An outline of type-theoretical approaches to lexical semantics

Cooper R., Retoré C.

Journal of Language Modelling

2017

Vol. 5, No. 2

165--178

We take the opportunity of the publication of some of the papers of the ESSLLI workshop TYTLES (TYpe Theory and LExical Semantics, ESSLLI 2015, Barcelona) to provide an overview of the possibilities that type theory offers to model lexical semantics, especially the type-theoretical frameworks that properly model compositional semantics.

Aligning speech and co-speech gestu re in a constraint-based grammar

Alahverdzhieva K., Lascarides A., Flickinger D.

Journal of Language Modelling

2017

Vol. 5, No. 3

421--464

This paper concerns the form-meaning mapping of communicative action consisting of speech and improvised co-speech gestures. Based on the findings of previous cognitive and computational approaches, we advance a new theory in which this form-meaning mapping is analysed in a constraint-based grammar. Motivated by observations in naturally occurring examples, we propose several construction rules, which use linguistic form, gesture form and their relative timing to constrain the derivation of a single speech-gesture syntax tree, from which a meaning representation can be composed via standard methods for semantic composition. The paper further reports on implementing these speech-gesture construction rules within the English Resource Grammar (Flickinger 2000). Since gestural form of ten underspecifies its meaning, the logical formulae that are composed via syntax are underspecified so that current models of the semantics/pragmatics interface support the range of possible interpretations of the speech-gesture act in its context of use.