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Exposure of Workers to Electromagnetic Fields. A Review of Open Questions on Exposure Assessment Techniques

Mild K. H., Alanko T., Decat G., Falsaperla R., Gryz K., Hietanen M., Karpowicz J., Rossi P., Sandstrom M.

International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics

2009

Vol. 15, No. 1

3--33

European Directive 2004/40/EC on occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMF), based on the guidelines of the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection, was to be implemented in the Member States of the European Union by 2008. Because of some unexpected problems the deadline was postponed until 2012. This paper reviews some of the problems identified and presents some suggestions for possible solutions based on the authors’ experience in assessing occupational exposure to EMF. Among the topics discussed are movement in static magnetic fields, ways to time average extreme low frequency signals, the difference between emission and exposure standards, and ways of dealing with those issues.

Occupational Exposure to Base Stations—Compliance With EU Directive 2004/40/EC

Gajsek P., Simunic D.

International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics

2006

Vol. 12, No. 2

187--194

The rapid growth of mobile communications has not only led to a rising number of mobile telephones. It has also made base stations essential for services widespread on many roofs. However, not everyone is aware that working close to sources of high frequency electromagnetic fields (EMF), such as transmitter antennas for mobile phones, pagers and police, fire and other emergency services, can result in high EMF exposure. This paper deals with measurements and calculations of the compliance boundary for workers in one typical roof top base station setting according to EU Directive and other relevant EN standards.