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Syntetyczne oleje estrowe

Gryglewicz S.

Wiadomości Chemiczne

2003

[Z] 57, 1-2

75--97

Hydrocarbon oils and petroleum derived fluids are commonly used in technology. However, in many applications the requirements of the tasks exceed the performance capabilities of classical fluids and the synthesis of new products to meet the extraordinary demands is necessary. Chemically and physiologically inert siloxanes, thermally stable poly(a-olefins) PAO and esters showing excellent resistance to nuclear radiation are some examples of synthetic oil. The fluids of ester structure, which are similar to natural triglicerydes, are very important class of synthetic oils. Ester oils possess superior physicochemical and performance properties as well as are non-toxic and easy biodegradable in comparison to many traditional derived fluids [21]. This paper is focused on specific application areas for which ester fluids are either currently used or being seriously considered for use. A special attention is given to ester oil synthesis including the methods based on indirect esterification, transesterification and enzymatic catalysis [11,12,49]. It is emphasised excellent thermo-oxidative properties of neopentyl alcohol esters [20]. Dicarboxylic acids esters, which are commonly used as synthetic fluids together with the compounds of oligomer, character are also discussed [37]. A new class of ester oils such as dialkyl carbonates and their synthesis using dimethyl carbonate as starting material are included [66]. Further sections of the paper are focused on phosphate esters and oils produced from native triglicerydes [76,95]. The effect of fatty acids structure on the properties of obtained products is reported. The methods of chemical modification of fatty acids structure such as selective hydrogenation, oligomerisation, alkylation, methatesis and acylooxylation are discussed. The last part of the paper deals with hydrolytic decomposition of esters in which steric hindrance and resonance effect play an important role [110].