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1

Rola autorytetu w grupach dyspozycyjnych

Fiodorów Sławomir, Kowalska Małgorzata

Wiedza Obronna

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2019

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nr 1-2

203--225

PL

Przedmiotem niniejszego opracowania jest analiza roli autorytetu w zarządzaniu grupami dyspozycyjnymi oraz opisanie form jego kształtowania. Celem jest zbadanie roli zjawiska autorytetu w grupach dyspozycyjnych, przybliżenie sposobów jego kształtowania oraz możliwości spożytkowania autorytetu w procesach zarządzania czy dowodzenia. Głównym problemem poznawczym niniejszego artykułu jest funkcjonowanie autorytetów w organizacjach i mechanizmy oraz procesy jego kreowania, trwania i upadku. Stosując metodę opisu i analizy treści wybranych opracowań naukowych, dokonano systematyzacji zagadnień związanych z tematem pracy i na podstawie przeanalizowanych materiałów zastanych dokonano ich autorskiej analizy. Wykazano, że w budowaniu autorytetu bardzo duże znaczenie ma jakość relacji z podwładnymi, trudno jest jednak określić najlepszy styl przywództwa. Obok posiadania odpowiednich kwalifikacji, należy także posługiwać się zdrowym rozsądkiem oraz elastycznością. Podstawowym wnioskiem jest stwierdzenie iż to stopień zaangażowania menadżera w samodoskonalenie i znajomość mechanizmów dobrego zarządzania sprawia, że jedni są przywódcami, a drudzy tylko menedżerami.

EN

The subject of this article is to analyse the role of authority in management of dispositional groups and delineate the ways of creating it. The aim of this essay is to study the role of authority in dispositional groups, acquaint with the ways of creating it and possibilities of exploiting authority in processes of managing or commanding. The main issue of this paper is functioning of the authorities in organizations and on this base authors tried to reveal mechanisms and processes of creating, lasting and eclipse of authorities in the managing community. The subject-matter extorted by authors’ leave to play the main role of analysing the aim of the article to the review of common literature and publications. The authors proved, that the dominant factor in the process of bulging the authority among subordinates is quality of relations with inferiors, but there is no ideal method of leadership. Apart from having appropriate qualifications, it is desired to make use of common sense and flexibility. The main conclusion of this article is that the level of manager’s commitment in self-development and thorough knowledge of mechanisms of righteous leadership effectuates with the ones being the great leaders, and the others – “just” a managers.

2

Możliwości zastosowania nowoczesnych narzędzi informatycznych w kierowaniu systemem logistycznym w ćwiczeniach wspomaganych komputerowo na przykładzie ćwiczenia Śląsk-14

Byłeń S.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

|

2015

|

nr 2(99)

78-101

EN

In the twenty-first century, information flows have become necessary to ensure the efficient and effective management of military organisations, which is required for support in the form of modern information tools. The military organisation requires rapid data collection, processing and analysis to manage them, not only within the organisational structure, but also to derive information from subordinates. The above mentioned factors have become an indispensable part of the functioning of the Computer Assisted Exercises (CAX’s). This article covers the role of full information exercises and which systems and technology are the most commonly used exercises conducted at the War Game & Simulation Center (WG&SC'). Some of the research has been characterised with modern tools in the form of a simulation system and other applications that support management and a verification exercise of their usefulness in training commands and staffs using the example of the exercise organised by the Inspectorate for Polish Armed Forces Support, under the codename Silesia-14.

3

Algorytmika wyznaczania względnej pozycji łazików marsjańskich

Kotlarz J., Zalewska N.

Pomiary Automatyka Robotyka

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2015

|

R. 19, nr 4

43--53

PL

W artykule przedstawiono rozwój metod nawigacyjnych w kolejnych misjach marsjańskich ZSRR, UE i USA oraz opisano najważniejsze algorytmy wyznaczania względnej pozycji na podstawie analizy zdjęć panchromatycznych rejestrowanych przez współczesne łaziki i zdjęć wykonanych przez satelity znajdujące się na orbicie Czerwonej Planety. Zaprezentowane wnioski mogą służyć jako wskazówki do wypracowania założeń i warunków przeprowadzenia eksperymentu użycia wybranych algorytmów na łaziku lub komputerze dowolnej platformy wielosensorowej.

EN

The current European Space Agency space programs assume the use of autonomous, mobile, equipped with advanced scientific instruments rovers on the Moon and Mars surfaces. Precise determination of position and orientation is one of the most important skills in such programs. During succesive missions a number of image-processing algorithms for determining rover position were developed. The results showed that the algorithm able to determine precisely position in any type of a terrain and for any kind of conditions does not exist. Scientists and engineers from ESA’s ESTEC are have been carrying out works on two different directions of algorithms development. First: algorithm that will be applicable to most of conditions on Mars, second: development of previous algorithms results validation methods (cross-validation, perhaps). In this paper we present navigation techniques in past Russian, European and US missions to the Mars and the most important image-processing algorithms for determining rover position. Our conclusions can be used as a guide for assumptions and conditions of the autonomous navigation experiment design.

4

Dowodzenie siłami powietrznymi w systemie sojuszniczym

Nowak J.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2012

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nr 2(87)

234-253

EN

Having analysed the 19th and 20th - century armed conflicts the author draws a conclusion about air forces’ great role in them. NATO air forces many times took part in these conflicts actively using their command system capabilities. The system was always adapted to a changeable political - military situation. The aim of this article is to show the most important changes that have taken place in NATO Air Forces command system. The main problem, that the author wants to stress in this article, is expressed by a question - how the system was organized in the past, how it is organized nowadays and how is it going to look like in the nearest future. The article is focused on a particular time interval. The first part concentrates on command system solutions from the beginning of the 20th century to the 1990s. Many significant changes occurred in the system in that time. In the 21st century, the system also has been changed many times, however, the mainstreams of changes that were started in the 1990s are still relevant. Currently NATO relatively fast draws conclusions from the local armed conflicts, which have showed a necessity of mobile elements in command system. This is the direction of the new changes.

5

Współczesne techniki i metody zarządzania w praktyce dowodzenia

Hopej-Kamińska M.

Zeszyty Naukowe / Wyższa Szkoła Oficerska Wojsk Lądowych im. gen. T. Kościuszki

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2011

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Nr 2

350-355

PL

Przedstawiono wyniki badań dotyczących stosowania w praktyce dowodzenia współczesnych technik i metod zarządzania. Omówiono zakres, przesłanki i skutki ich wprowadzania w życia, bariery utrudniające dowodzenia za pomocą wskazanych technik i metod oraz kierunki ich stosowania w przyszłości.

EN

The results of research on the practical applications of the modern techniques of command and management methods are described. The scope, conditions and consequences of their implementation are discussed. Furthermore, the barriers to implementation are shown and guidelines for the use of the modern techniques of command and management methods in the future are presented.

6

Informacja podstawą planowania

Dukiewicz T.

Zeszyty Naukowe / Wyższa Szkoła Oficerska Wojsk Lądowych im. gen. T. Kościuszki

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2011

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Nr 2

38-47

PL

W artykule została zawarta analiza informacji jako podstawowego determinantu w procesie planistycznym. Przedstawiono napotkane w literaturze definicje oraz znaczenia pojęcia informacji. Autor opisuje wartości informacji wpływających na proces decyzyj

EN

This article contains the analysis of information as the fundamental determinant in the planning process. The article presents the definitions used in the literature and the meanings of the notion of information. The author describes the values of information and its influence on the decision- making process.

7

Przywództwo w cyklu decyzyjnym procesu dowodzenia

Łydka W.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2011

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nr 3(84)

113-123

EN

Command and control in the military is mostly associated with a formalized process which is largely based on the power of a commander. It is perceived though superior’s authorities and the requirement to obey the commander’s will due to formal authorities, which is obviously in accordance with regulations. However, experience shows that the superior’s authoritarian attitude may appear insufficient. Leadership formula in the military neither substitutes formal power nor questions it. Leadership should naturally complement command and control process, which in effect may be treated as an added value to effective commanding. Leadership is frequently meant as relations between commanders at various levels. The command and control decision-making cycle, which is largely performed by the staff personnel, is focused on activity planning. Although only officers who perform commanding functions usually contact the commander, actually, many situations appear when the commander may stress his commanding role. It is important as it enables the commander to create a positive image of his person and shapes healthy interpersonal relations. A competent and intentional auto-presentation of leadership attitudes is also a factor causing that subordinates feel joint responsibility and triggers initiative of their actions. Any environment or subordinates’ group is a separate and specific entity which requires an individual approach. There are no ready and completely efficient solutions for commanders. Nevertheless, the awareness of such behaviour may initiate the need to seek them. All the more, a modern commander, in order to be a natural leader, should create situations to underline but not impose his leadership. Command and control decision-making process is a great way to develop and present attitudes that will attract people to the commander; whereas the work they do will be pleasure not compulsion for them. What is more important, it is mutual trust, not regulations, which will shape inter-personal relations.

8

Modelowanie procesów decyzyjnych w organizacji

Spustek H.

Zeszyty Naukowe / Wyższa Szkoła Oficerska Wojsk Lądowych im. gen. T. Kościuszki

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2010

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Nr 1

110-121

PL

W artykule zatytułowanym "Modelowanie procesów decyzyjnych w organizacji" przedstawiono problematykę wykorzystania dostępnych narzędzi komputerowych w modelowaniu procesów decyzyjnych w organizacji. Wskazano na sens przeprowadzania eksperymentów symulacyjnych oraz na technikę ich przeprowadzania. Poruszono problematykę generatorów liczb pseudolosowych oraz ich rolę w eksperymencie. Pokazano przykład eksperymentu symulacyjnego wykorzystanego do analizy procesu dowodzenia przy użyciu środowiska iGrafx.

EN

In his article “Modelling Decision-Making Processes in Organisation”, the author presents the use of the iGrafx computer system to simulate the planning stage during the decision-making processes of the military command and control. This paper will raise the issue of constructing mathematical models and performing simulation experiments. An important function of a pseudo-random numbers generator will be shown. Next, the author describes the principle of working with the iGrafx computer software. Finally, a model is constructed and a simulation experiment is carried out.

9

Założenia koncepcji działania organów dowodzenia

Strzoda M.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2010

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nr 1(78)

251-261

EN

Contemporary, complex and dynamic conditions of military organisations functioning result in the growing importance of their activities’ effectiveness, which aim at reaching assumed goals. It is stressed that command (managerial) bodies play the leading role in all organisational activities. Therefore, special attention must be focused on the evaluation of their preparation and task achievement. The identified facts and conclusions drawn while the evaluation should allow answering questions concerning how the work was done, what was achieved, what the result was, if the activities were effective. Consequently, it may be defined how to improve their functioning. The article features assumptions taken while defining the evaluation concept of the command body's performance. Its idea is expresses in the fact that this evaluation should be perceived as a system characteristic value defined in the space of aims, results and as a consequence of the potential used (assets, resources, work, etc.). It is suggested in such an approach to perceive the evaluation of command bodies' performance in two categories of criteria: effectiveness, i.e. the result of command bodies’ performance is understood as the conformity of results and aims and cost-effectiveness, i.e. the relation between the result (in a factual, methodological and functional approach) and costs born to achieve it. The presented assumptions are the starting point for formal development and implementation of the evaluation concept of command bodies’performance, and in a broader approach the evaluation of the command system organisation and functioning.

10

Kierunki rozwoju technicznych środków dowodzenia siłami powietrznymi

Nowak J.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2010

|

nr 1(78)

166-185

EN

The basis of Air Forces commanding is to have reliable, prompt and current information concerning both the enemy (their potential and real capabilities) as well as conditions to conduct operations and own forces’ potential. Modern systems of command allow fast acquisition and collection of information and its analysis and transformation. They support commanders in the decision making process. Moreover, they enable transferring tasks to their executors. The growing engagement of the alliance’s armed forces and other organisations in crisis response operations enforces the increase of interoperability in the area of armed forces' command, the air forces including. Serious challenges for the air forces commanding result from the centric network fighting concept. It assumes the operational capabilities growth of forces smaller in number resulting from information advantage and common situational awareness of all participants of the operations. Using forces in centric network battlefield will require effective process of command. It will be conditioned by the access to technologically advanced means. These means are technical devices and equipment that are to ensure an efficient and permanent flow of information necessary to command subordinate forces. They supply the system of command with information acquired, transformed, sent, collected and presented. In the literature of the subject, these means are divided into 5 basic groups: reconnaissance, communication, information transformation, information imagery, personnel and transport assignment assets. The aim of the article is to present the development directions of technical means of commanding in the Air Forces. Technical and operational aspects of their development have been analysed. The article is divided into parts reflecting the division of technical means of commanding into reconnaissance, communication, information transformation and imagery and means of relocation the personnel and transport.

11

Informatyzacja logistyki w automatyzacji procesu dowodzenia wojskami

Nyszk W.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2010

|

nr 4(81)

187-195

EN

The logistic system optimization results from the need of complex regulation of problems aroused after transformations carried out in the Polish Armed Forces' logistics, as well as adjusting its structures to tasks, commitments and conducted planned organizational and functional changes. The aim of the article is to present the changes undergoing in the process of troops' logistic service support, mainly through creating modern IT systems that would provide up-to-date data about a logistic situation in accordance with the needs of the troops on all organizational levels. Undoubtedly, a crucial factor necessitating the introduction of changes and the adaptation of the Polish Armed Forces’ logistic system is Poland’s membership in NATO and the European Union. This causes the need to undertake constant activities aiming at a complex integration of the Polish Armed Forces’ logistic system with NATO military structures, particularly with its IT systems, procedures in order to achieve a necessary level of standardization and unification. A general aim of this process is to increase the effectiveness of military forces and availability to use Member States' defence resources.

12

Kierowanie artylerią na szczeblach taktycznych

Narloch J.

Zeszyty Naukowe / Wyższa Szkoła Oficerska Wojsk Lądowych im. gen. T. Kościuszki

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2009

|

Nr 2

6-14

PL

W artykule zostały zawarte treści związane z elementami kierowania artylerią w naszej armii. Przedstawiono struktury organizacyjne oraz ich główne zadania. Wyjaśniono różnice pomiędzy kierowaniem a dowodzeniem w rozumieniu WRiA. Ponadto przedstawiono rozwiązania umożliwiające poprawę struktur organizacyjnych elementów kierowania wsparciem ogniowym na szczeblach taktycznych w Siłach Zbrojnych RP.

EN

The article contains information relating to artillery fire control elements. It presents the organizational structures as well as the main tasks of artillery. Moreover, the author explains the differences between controlling and commanding as understood by artillery. Furthermore, the article puts forward solutions which may improve the organizational structures of fire support control elements at tactical level in the Polish Land Forces.

13

Wybrane aspekty teorii kierowania

Antczak S.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2009

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nr 4(77)

252-273

EN

The article features a critical approach to selected content related to management and command as elements of management theory. It is shown that both management and command equal managing an organisation aiming at achieving a certain goal with the most effective use of human potential and abilities, equipment, social and material conditions, as well as time, space, scientific and technical achievements. Also the features differentiating management from command are shown. Therefore, an analysis of selected notions of organisation is conducted, its attributes are pointed out and examples given that show their specific character, including formalised organisations. The conclusions drawn show that the basic problems of organisation and management remain in fact the same, however, the ways of their use change or will change in set conditions and for different solutions. Therefore, assuming that management is the art of realising something though other people in the process of planning, organising, leading and controlling, and in it, the role and place of a manager as a basic entity of an organisation is presented. Model roles that a manager can play while conducting different tasks connected with managing an organisation are discussed. In the part concerning management versus command, a question is answered how the mentioned above notions (management, command, leading) refer to the description of the same phenomena (activities), how specific they are in managing different types of organisations (military including). Analysing the notion and essence of command, it has been assumed that it is a special case of management. This thesis is justified in the article. The basic characteristics referring to management are presented and resulting from them conclusions for a non-for-profit organisation are drawn. The aim of these organisations’ activities is to fulfil various needs and desires of “a certain man”. This should be the subject of using the rules and principles of the management theory in commanding and managing of such an organisation.

14

Targeting w dowodzeniu w wojskach lądowych

Całkowski T.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2009

|

nr 2(75)

73-90

EN

Targeting has entered for good the canon of land forces’ commanding theory and practice. The aim of carrying out this process is to ensure an effective and efficient task execution in the area of appropriate choice of targets and rational division of reconnaissance and fire potential. It is an effective method connecting the own potential with the most important targets that ensures reaching intended operational (tactical) tasks. The article presents the role of targeting in reference to land forces, taking into special consideration its implementation in the process of command. The attention is also drawn to the fact that on order to do task planning and operations’ commanding within targeting, a permanent cell dealing with this process is required in commands' organizational structures.

15

Sojusz Północnoatlantycki XXI wieku

Krzymowski A.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

|

2009

|

nr 4(77)

26-52

EN

During 60 years of the North Atlantic Alliance functioning, the international situation has been changing diametrically. The current NATO differs from the institution that during the four decades of the Cold War defended Western Europe, even from that Alliance, which in the 90s watched over the transformations in Europe after the Cold War ended. Due to the new members’ integration, a constant process of adaptation is necessary which will enable taking into consideration the interests of a greater number of members without questioning the Alliance’s decision making capabilities. Moreover, while the strategic environment evolves, the speed of transformations within the Alliance will have to increase in order to face new threats. The aim of this article is to present the North Atlantic Alliance of the 21st Century, the transformation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation on the background of changes taking place on the international arena. Due to a wide range of topics, the article presents only selected issues.

16

Model systemu kierowania i dowodzenia Siłami Zbrojnymi RP 2018 : kierunki rozwoju

Gocuł M.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

|

2009

|

nr 1(74)A Numer specjalny

45-48

17

Kierunki rozwoju technicznych środków dowodzenia siłami powietrznymi

Nowak J.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

|

2009

|

nr 1(74)

115-134

EN

The basis to command and control air forces is to have reliable, on time and current information concerning the enemy (its potential and real capabilities), conditions to carry out operations, and also own forces’ potential. Contemporary command and control systems enable prompt acquisition and collection of information, as well as its analysis and processing. They support commanders in the decision making process. Furthermore, they enable transferring tasks to their executors. Wider and wider engagement of the allied and other organisations’ armed forces in crisis response operations enforces increasing the interoperability level of armed forces’ command and control, the air forces including. Serious challenges for the air force command and control result from the network centric fighting. This concept stipulates the operational capabilities increase of forces smaller in strength which result from information advantage and common situational awareness of all participants in the operation. Using forces in conditions of network centric battlefield will require effective process of commanding. It will be conditioned by, among others, access to technologically advanced assets such as technical devices (equipment) which are to ensure efficient and durable information flow, necessary to command and control subordinated forces. They supply the command and control system with information which they receive, process, gather and present. In literature these means are divided into five basic groups. These are: reconnaissance, communication, information processing, information imagery and location of the personnel and equipment. The aim of the article is to present development directions of technical means to command and control air forces. Technical and operational aspects of their development have been analysed. The article is divided into parts reflecting the division of technical command and control means into reconnaissance, communication, information processing, information imagery and location of the personnel and equipment.

18

Jak dowodzić, aby przewodzić, czyli kilka reguł nie zawsze docenianych

Malinowski P.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2009

|

nr 2(75)

244-255

EN

The engagement of our military contingents in Iraq and Afghanistan influences the acceleration of many essential transformations in various areas of armed forces’ operations. It is reflected not only in modernizing the armament and combat techniques. Significant changes are also seen in the philosophy of commanding in which human factor is becoming to be stressed, apart from organizational, procedural and technical factors which support information and decision-making processes. Commanders more and more frequently notice that the efficiency of their performance, although extremely difficult to reach in combat conditions, does not only depend on their personal abilities. In the situation of general higher awareness, level of knowledge and abilities, the skills to gain the subordinates’ trust have more and more influence on the efficiency of commanding. However, reaching such a state is possible when, apart from a formal appointment, the commander will undertake activities ensuring creating atmosphere of cooperation and eliminating organizational barriers. Therefore, the conclusion seems right that the followers of the view are wrong believing that effective command can be reached without subordinates’ engagement but only through enforcing their operations. We should also hope that the considerations presented in the article will contribute to deepening the falling tendency of such a pejorative opinion.

19

Doświadczenia i wnioski z ćwiczenia pk. „COMMON TRAIL 2008”

Wyłupek J.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2009

|

nr 4(77)

316-322

EN

Ecercises are one of the key elements of the educational process that in practice allow checking students’ preparation to work in staffs. In order to fulfil the educational needs, the Führungsakademie der Bundeswehr held unilateral single level command-staff exercise code-named “Common Trail 2008”. This event crowned the final stage of education for two-year operational – strategic course students (LGAN- a two-year operational – strategic course for German and other NATO staff officers) organised and conducted at that school.

20

Czym w wojsku jest kierowanie, dowodzenie, zarządzanie i sterowanie

Michniak J. W.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2009

|

nr 2(75)

104-116

EN

The author discusses the idea of commanding as a process and characterizes its basic forms occurring in command and staff work as command, management and control. The author defines command as the process of planning, organizing, motivating and checking the activities of military organization’s members and using all its other resources to achieve planned goals. However, the management in military structures is treated as a managerial activity that includes establishing goals, accomplishing them within commands’ formalized organizational structures or command system elements such as communication systems and networks, IT systems and networks and, most of all, supporting accomplishing tasks by staffs and their organizational cells in the process of forces’ command. Commanding is defined as a basic form of leading forces by their commanders, based on the authority to complex shaping of all combat readiness elements in reference to directly and indirectly subordinated soldiers, consequently, to their comprehensive preparation to perform tasks in time of peace, crisis and war. This power is wielded by commanders in relation to all soldiers subordinated to them and other personnel who hold commanding positions (e.g. chief of board, department, division, section), but only in relation to soldiers in directly subordinated to them organizational units (board, department, division, section) on a given level of command. Control in military structures comprises all intentional interacting of one element, set or technical system onto another one in order to achieve such changes of the process course taking place in the controlled object or state of the controlled set (system) in a given moment which is considered expected. In general, the article is an attempt to make order in the contents range of the mentioned notions to be adopted in military terminology.